Plant and Animal Tissues

Tissue

Reason — Similar cells organise to form tissue and perform a specific function.
An organ is made up of different types of tissues working together to perform a specific function (e.g., heart, lungs). So it is a higher level than cells. A species refers to a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. It is not related to cell organization. An organ system consists of multiple organs working together.

Dendrites

Reason — Dendrites are fine hair-like extensions from cyton. The cyton is the cell body of the neuron. It contains the nucleus and is not a branch. The axon is a single, long projection that carries impulses away from the cell body. It is not small or highly branched like dendrites (except at the terminal end). A neuron is the entire nerve cell itself, not a specific part of it.

blood and lymph

Reason — Blood (cells+plasma) and Lymph are the fluid connective tissue. Blood is concerned with transportation of oxygen, glucose and amino acids etc. Lymph helps in immunity and returns excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream. Cartilage is a solid (supporting) connective tissue, not fluid. Plasma is just the liquid part of blood, not a separate tissue by itself. Stroma and matrix are structural components of tissues, not types of fluid connective tissue.

Organs

Reason — Tissues organise to form organs.
An organ system is formed when multiple organs work together to perform a major function (e.g., digestive system). So this is a higher level than organs. An organism is the complete living individual, made up of many organ systems working together. Cells are the basic unit of life and come before tissues in the level of organization.

Meristematic tissue

Reason — Meristematic tissues are made up of actively dividing cells. Their only function is to produce more cells leading to the growth of the plant body.
Parenchyma is a permanent tissue made of living cells that mainly store food and help in photosynthesis. Its cells are non-dividing in mature regions. Sclerenchyma provides mechanical support. Its cells are dead at maturity and do not divide. Protective tissue includes epidermis and cork. It mainly protects the plant surface and its cells do not actively divide.

Sclerenchyma

Reason — Sclerenchyma is composed of long, narrow and thick-walled dead cells to provide strength to the plant parts.
Collenchyma is a living tissue found in young stems and leaves. It provides flexible support to the plant. Meristematic tissues consist of actively dividing living cells that help in plant growth. Parenchyma is a living tissue involved in storage, photosynthesis, and other basic functions.

Ciliated epithelium

Reason — In the lining of the trachea, the columnar epithelium has developed cilia. Such an epithelium is called ciliated epithelium.
Cuboidal epithelium is found in organs like the kidneys and glands, where it helps in secretion and absorption, not in the trachea. Simple columnar epithelium is found in the intestine for absorption. In the trachea, it is specifically ciliated columnar epithelium, so this option is incomplete. Squamous epithelium is a thin, flat layer of cells found in areas like the alveoli of lungs for diffusion. It is not found in the trachea lining.

Cartilage

Reason — Cartilage is a Supportive connective tissue. It covers the ends of bones, and gives support to certain organs.
Areolar tissue is a loose connective tissue. It supports organs, fills spaces, and helps in repair of tissues. Tendons are fibrous connective tissues that connect muscles to bones. They are strong and slightly elastic. Ligaments are fibrous connective tissues that connect bone to bone. They are flexible and provide joint stability.

Plasma

Reason — Plasma is the non-cellular (liquid) part of the blood.
Lymph is a clear fluid tissue that circulates in the lymphatic system. It contains cells like lymphocytes, so it is not non-cellular blood part. Serum is the fluid obtained after blood clots and blood cells and clotting factors are removed. It is derived from plasma but is not the main circulating non-cellular component. Tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) surrounds body cells and is formed from plasma, but it is not part of blood itself.

Adipose tissue

Reason — Adipose tissue contains cells filled with fat globules.
This tissue forms the covering and lining of body surfaces and organs (like skin and lining of the gut). Its cells are not filled with fat globules. Nervous tissue is made of neurons and is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses. Areolar tissue is a loose connective tissue that supports organs and fills spaces between them. It contains various cells but not fat-filled ones like adipose tissue.

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Reason — A is true as meristematic tissue consists of undifferentiated cells that actively divide to produce new cells for plant growth.
R is true as meristematic cells are called undifferentiated because they continuously divide and redivide, forming a large number of new cells. They do not specialize into a particular function.
The continuous division and lack of specialization is exactly why meristematic tissues are undifferentiated and actively dividing.

Therefore, Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A is the correct option.

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Reason — A is true as permanent tissues make up most of the plant body and generally do not divide.
Permanent tissues consist of mature, specialised cells that have lost their ability to divide because they are differentiated for specific functions.
R is true as loss of the ability to divide due to specialization directly explains why permanent tissues do not divide.

Therefore, Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A is the correct option.

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Reason — A is true as in sexual reproduction, both unicellular and multicellular organisms begin development from a single cell called the zygote.
R is true as a zygote is formed when two gametes (sperm and egg), which are unicellular structures, fuse during fertilization in higher plants and animals.
The formation of a single-celled zygote through fertilization explains why organisms start life from a single cell.

Therefore, Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A is the correct option.

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Reason — A is true as blood and lymph both contain a fluid component (plasma in blood and lymph fluid derived from plasma), but they differ in cellular composition.
R is true as blood contains RBCs, WBCs, and platelets, whereas lymph mainly contains WBCs (especially lymphocytes) and lacks RBCs and platelets.
The difference in cellular contents directly explains why blood and lymph are distinct despite having similar fluid origins.

Therefore, Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A is the correct option.

A is false but R is true.

Reason — A is false as epithelial tissue is not found only on the outer surface of the body. While it does form the outer skin layer, it is also present internally.
R is true as epithelial tissues also line internal organs and cavities (like lungs, intestine, blood vessels) and perform functions such as absorption, secretion, protection, and filtration.

Therefore, A is false but R is true is the correct option.

1. True

2. True

3. False
   Corrected statement — Permanent tissue is made up of differentiated and non-dividing cells.

4. True

5. False
   Corrected statement — Phloem is formed of living tubular cells.

1. tissues
2. conducting
3. vascular
4. collenchyma
5. thin-walled

1. Carries oxygen around your body — Fluid connective tissue

2. Brings about movement in animals — Muscular tissue

3. Transports food to different parts of a plant — Phloem

4. Transports water in plants — Xylem

5. Supports an animal's body — Supportive connective tissue

6. Binds different tissues together — Fibrous connective tissue

7. Conducts messages from one part of the body to another — Nervous tissue

8. is found on the surface of roots, stems and leaves — Protective Tissue

9. is composed of elongated cells, that are thick at the corners — Collenchyma

10. is composed of dead cells, that provides strength to the plant parts — Sclerenchyma

11. is richly located in the brain and spinal cord — Nervous tissue

12. is striated and branched — Cardiac muscular tissue

1. Odd one — Cardiac muscles
   Category of the remaining terms — Fibrous Connective tissues

2. Odd one — Protective tissue
   Category of the remaining terms — Supporting tissues

3. Odd one — Connective tissue
   Category of the remaining terms — Epithelial tissues

4. Odd one — Cartilage
   Category of the remaining terms — Muscular tissues

5. Odd one — Tendons
   Category of the remaining terms — Parts of a Nerve cell/Neuron

1. Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ system, Organisms.
2. Pith, Cambium layer, Inner bark, Outer bark.

1. Bones : Skull :: Cartilage : Trachea.
2. Covering : Epithelial :: Contractile : Muscular.
3. Xylem : Vessels :: Phloem : Sieve tubes.
4. Cuboidal epithelium : Absorption :: Columnar epithelium : Secretion.
5. Parenchyma : Stores starch :: Chlorenchyma : Performs photosynthesis.

1. Tissue — A group of similar cells which are specialised to perform specific function is known as tissue. For example muscle tissue, skin tissue.

2. Organ — A differentiated structure formed by group of similar tissues, which is specialised to perform a specific function is called an organ.

3. Organ system — An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function or set of functions in the body. For example, the digestive system.

4. Sclerenchyma — Sclerenchyma is a simple supportive permanent tissue composed of long, narrow and thick-walled dead cells. It provides strength to the plant parts.

5. Cartilage — Cartilage is a supportive connective tissue that covers the ends of bones, and gives support to certain organs like the nose, ear, and trachea. It consists of a clear ground substance (matrix), which contains a large number of spaces, each occupied by one or more cells.

1. Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
2. Cartilage and Bone
3. Xylem and Phloem
4. Areolar tissue, Adipose tissue, Tendons, and Ligaments
5. Striated muscles, Unstriated muscles, and Cardiac muscles

1. Collenchyma is found in the leaf stalks and below the epidermis of stems.

2. Meristematic tissues are found at all growing points in a plant, like the tip of roots, stems and branches, where growth in length occurs.

3. Squamous epithelium is found in the cells of the outer layer of skin.

4. Cardiac muscles are found only in the walls of the heart.

5. Nervous tissue constitutes the nervous system.

1. Areolar tissue — Areolar tissue binds our skin to the underlying tissue.

2. Parenchyma — They store food material and also provide temporary support to the plant.

3. Xylem — Xylem cells transport water and minerals absorbed by the roots from the soil, upward to the leaves.

4. Tendon — Tendons connect muscles to bones at joints. They are rich in white fibres.

5. Adipose tissue — Adipose tissue forms padding under the skin which acts as an insulation for retaining body heat.

1. Amoeba: Organism (unicellular)
2. Euglena: Organism (unicellular)
3. Skin: Organ
4. Lungs: Organ
5. Neuron: Cell
6. Cardiac muscles: Tissue

Differences between Simple permanent tissue and complex permanent tissue on the basis of cellular organisation:

Differences between Striated and unstriated muscular tissue on the basis of location:

Differences between Xylem and phloem on the basis of structural components:

Differences between Bone and cartilage on the basis of function:

Differences between Blood and lymph on the basis of blood corpuscles:

Diagram of the "basic structural and functional unit of Nervous tissue" is given below:

(i) The tissues shown in figures A, B, and C are:
     A → Striated muscles
     B → Unstriated muscles
     C → Cardiac muscles

(ii) One specific location of each in the human body:

• Striated muscles are found in face.
• Unstriated muscles are found in the iris of the eyes.
• Cardiac muscles are found only in the walls of the heart.

(iii) All the muscle types can contract and relax. Thus, they help the body in all its movements and locomotion.

(iv) One structural difference between the tissues A and B:

(v) Unstriated muscles are not under the control of our will.

(i) The name of tissues (A), (B) and (C) are:
    A → Parenchyma
    B → Collenchyma
    C → Sclerenchyma

(ii) One structural difference between Parenchyma and Collenchyma:

(iii) Collenchyma is located in the petiole of a leaf.

(iv) One functional difference between Parenchyma and Sclerenchyma:

(v) Sclerenchyma is composed of cells that are long, narrow, thick-walled and dead.

(i) Bones are classified as connective tissue.

(ii) Two minerals that make bones strong are calcium and phosphorus.

(iii) One important role of bones (apart from movement) is protection of internal organs (e.g., skull protects the brain, rib cage protects the heart and lungs).

(iv) Another tissue that provides support and has a structure similar to bone is cartilage.

(v) One location where cartilage is found in the human body is the tip of the nose (it is also found in the ear and joints).