Earth's Structure

Magma chamber

Reason — The magma chamber is an underground reservoir of molten rock beneath a volcano. During an eruption, magma rises from the magma chamber through vents and reaches the Earth's surface as lava.

the earth is made of same materials.

Reason — The earth is said to be constituted of the same materials as the meteorites. Hence, scientists study the meteorites that fall on the earth's surface to know about the materials that make up the interior of the earth.

Core — Mantle — Crust

Reason — The earth is made up of several concentric layers. The core lies at the centre, the mantle lies above the core and the crust forms the outermost layer.

SIAL, SIMA

Reason — On the basis of chemical composition, the Lithosphere (crust) can be divided into two broad divisions — the SIAL and the SIMA. Sial is named after Silica (Si) and Aluminium (Al), while Sima is named after Silica (Si) and Magnesium (Mg).

Ocean floor

Reason — The SIAL layer forms the continents, while the SIMA layer makes up the ocean floor. Hence, just as Continents correspond to SIAL, the Ocean floor corresponds to SIMA.

Core

Reason — The core is the densest part of the earth. It is generally believed to be composed of iron and nickel, which is responsible for the earth's magnetism. Hence, the layer identified is the Core.

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation — The name Sial is taken from Silica (Si) and Aluminium (Al). Sima is named after Silica (Si) and Magnesium (Mg). Sial appears to float above Sima because it has lower density.

SIAL - SIMA - NIFE

Reason — As we move towards the interior of the earth, we first reach the Sial (outer crust), then the Sima below it, and finally the Nife which forms the core at the centre.

It is in a molten state.

Reason — The inner core is in a solid state due to high density and pressure which have compressed the molten rock material. It is the outer core that is in a molten state. Hence, the statement that the inner core is in a molten state is incorrect.

Asthenosphere

Reason — At the depth of around 100-410 km, the mantle is partially molten and is known as the asthenosphere.

1000 to 3700

Reason — In the mantle, the temperature varies between about 1000°C to around 3700°C.

Gutenberg Discontinuity

Reason — The boundary between the mantle and the core, i.e. the mantle-core interface, is known as the Gutenberg Discontinuity. Here, primary seismic waves (P waves) decrease in velocity while secondary seismic waves (S waves) disappear completely.

Mohorovicic Discontinuity

Reason — The discontinuity between the crust and the mantle is known as the Mohorovicic Discontinuity. It forms the boundary between the crust and the mantle and has the characteristics of both these layers.

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation — The lithosphere, though solid, is thin and constantly affected by natural forces like earthquakes and volcanic activity, leading to its fragile state.

crust/lithosphere

Reason — The crust is also called Lithosphere. Crust is only 1% of Earth's mass and contains all known life in the universe.

8 km, 32 km

Reason — The Mohorovicic Discontinuity does not exist at a uniform depth. It is found at about 8 km beneath the oceans and about 32 km beneath the continents.

Atmosphere

Reason — Extending upwards, the earth is enveloped by a blanket of gases which make up the atmosphere.

7000

Reason — The entire core is about 7000 km in diameter.

Crust

Reason — The Earth's crust is the most fragile layer. According to the Continental Drift and Plate Tectonic theories, plate movements continuously reshape the Earth's surface over millions of years.

The core of the earth is called NIFE. It is composed of Nickel (Ni) and Iron (Fe).

The temperature in the core ranges from 4400°C to about 6000°C. Pressure and density increases towards the interior of the earth. The inner core is in solid state due to high pressure and density which compresses the molten rock material.

The earth is said to be constituted of the same materials as the meteorites. So, scientists study meteorites to know more about the interior of the earth.

The crust of the earth is a sphere of solid rocks. It is only 1% of earth's mass. It is made up of rocks with large content of silicates, feldspar, mica etc.

The crust is divided into two broad divisions- SIAL and SIMA. SIAL is composed of Silica and Aluminium while SIMA is composed of Silica and Magnesium.

The crust of the earth is called lithosphere as it is a sphere of solid rocks with a thickness of 60 km below high mountains and just 5-10 km below the oceans.

The three layers of the earth's interior are Core, Mantle and Crust.

The boundaries between the three layers of the earth's interior are:

1. Gutenberg Discontinuity — It lies between the mantle and the core.
2. Mohorovicic Discontinuity — It lies between the crust and the mantle.

Mantle lies below the crust. It makes up 84% of the earth's total volume. Mantle is divided into two parts — the upper mantle and the lower mantle.

Two chief characteristics of mantle are-

1. Its average thickness is 2900 km.
2. The temperature varies between about 1000°C to around 3700°C.

Asthenosphere is found at the depth of around 100-410 km. It exists in partially molten form.

At the Gutenberg Discontinuity, there is an abrupt change in the seismic waves (generated by earthquakes or explosions) that travel through the earth. Primary seismic waves (P waves) decrease in velocity while secondary seismic waves (S waves) disappear completely.

The solid state of the inner core is due to high density and pressure which have compressed molten rock material.

The layers of the interior of the earth are as follows:

1. Crust — It is the topmost layer of the earth. It is made up of rock with large content of silicates, feldspar, mica etc. It also contains silica and aluminium.

2. Mantle — It lies between the crust and core. It can be divided into upper and lower mantle. The upper mantle is solid while the lower mantle is partially molten. It is mainly composed of oxygen, silicon and magnesium.

3. Core — Core is the innermost inaccessible part of the earth. It is mainly composed of Nickel and Iron.

The transitional zone between crust and mantle is Moho Discontinuity which is the dividing zone between solid and semi-solid state of rocks due to the increasing temperature as the depth increases. It is found at about 8 km beneath the oceans and about 32 km beneath the continents.

The boundary between mantle and core is known as Gutenberg Discontinuity. it begins at the depth of 2800 km. Below this zone, both density and temperature goes on increasing.

(i) Due to enhancing density and pressure the temperature goes on increasing gradually towards inside of the interior of the earth.

(ii) The asthenosphere is in a semi-molten state because of high temperature, pressure and density.

(iii) The inner core of the earth is in a solid state due to high density and pressure.

(i) The parts are:

(1) Core
(2) Mantle
(3) Crust

(ii) The states are:

(1) Core - The outer core is in liquid (molten) state and the inner core is in solid state.
(2) Mantle - Semi-molten and solid state
(3) Crust - Solid state

(iii) Crust is suitable for human habitation due to favourable conditions for survival, i.e. atmosphere for air, lithosphere for settlement due to ideal temperature, hydrosphere for hydrological cycle for providing rainfall and fresh water bodies on the earth and oceans for navigation and trade routes etc.

Two chief characteristics of the earth's crust are-

1. It is a sphere of solid rocks with a thickness of 60 km below high mountains and just 5-10 km below the oceans.
2. It is made up of rocks with large content of silicates, feldspar, mica etc.

The core of the earth is responsible for earth's magnetic field as it is composed of iron and nickel.

(i) Nife is so called as Ni stands for Nickel and Fe stands for Iron.

(ii) The core of the earth is the most inaccessible part of the earth because it lies thousands of kilometers deep inside the earth.

(iii) The earth's crust undergoes many changes due to the forces of nature.

Despite being only one percent of the Earth's mass, the Earth's crust contains a wealth of resources that are essential to human civilization, including:

1. Mineral resources such as iron, copper, gold, and silver which are used in a variety of applications ranging from electronics to construction.
2. Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas which are used to generate electricity, heat homes, and fuel transportation.
3. Freshwater resources that are essential for human survival.
4. Geothermal energy which is used to generate electricity and heat buildings.

If the Earth's core were to cool down and the magma inside the Earth were to cool and harden, it would have serious consequences.

1. The Earth's magnetic field, generated by the molten iron in the outer core, would weaken or disappear, leaving the surface exposed to harmful cosmic radiation.
2. Tectonic activity would halt, which could cause earthquakes and volcanic eruptions to cease. This will impact nutrient recycling. Over time, this could also lead to the formation of a supercontinent, as there would be no mechanism to break apart the continents.
3. Geothermal energy availability would be affected.
4. The Earth's rotation would slow down, leading to longer days and shorter nights. This would have significant effects on the climate and the seasons.