Conditional Statements

float

Reason — The math.sqrt() function always returns a float type value for a given argument, regardless of whether the input is an integer or a float. For example, math.sqrt(49) returns 7.0, not 7.

math.sqrt(n)

Reason — The sqrt() function is defined in the math module, so it must be called as math.sqrt(n) after importing the math module.

import math

Reason — The math module in Python is called using the keyword import followed by the module name math (which is case-sensitive and lowercase).

7.0

Reason — The math.sqrt() function always returns a float type value. Hence, the square root of 49 is returned as 7.0 (with a single decimal point), not 7 or 7.00.

if-else-if statement

Reason — In Python, the correct keyword used between if and else for multiple condition checks is elif, not else-if. Hence, if-else-if is not a valid decision-making construct in Python, the correct form is if-elif-else.

==

Reason — In Python, the == operator is the relational operator used to check whether two values are equal. The single = is the assignment operator, used to assign a value to a variable.

if (num>=25):

Reason — In Python, an if statement must end with a colon (:), and the correct relational operators for "greater than or equal to" and "less than or equal to" are >= and <= respectively, not => or =<.

if or elif

Reason — In Python, an else statement can be preceded by either an if statement (in if-else construct) or an elif statement (in if-elif-else construct). It cannot exist on its own without a preceding if or elif.

1. True
2. False
   Corrected Statement: An if-else construct checks a condition and executes one block of statements if the condition is true; otherwise, it executes another block of statements.
3. True
4. False
   Corrected Statement: The 'Run Time' error occurs due to mistakes that interrupt the correct execution of the program, such as division by zero or finding the square root of a negative number. Wrong logic results in a Logical Error, not a Run Time error.
5. True
6. False
   Corrected Statement: The square root of a negative number cannot be determined by using math.sqrt() function as it results in a ValueError. The square root of a negative number is an imaginary number.

The number is less than or equal to 30

The value of n is 25. In the first if statement, the condition n < 15 (i.e., 25 < 15) is False, so its block is skipped. In the second if statement, the condition n <= 30 (i.e., 25 <= 30) is True, so it prints "The number is less than or equal to 30". Since the condition is True, the else block associated with the second if statement is ignored.

OK

In the statement m, n, p = 11, 15, 18, multiple variable assignment is used, where the values 11, 15, and 18 are assigned to m, n, and p respectively. The first condition m > 0 (i.e., 11 > 0) is True, so the control enters the outer if block. Then the condition n < 15 (i.e., 15 < 15) is checked, which is False. Therefore, the control moves to the elif condition p > 15 (i.e., 18 > 15), which is True, so the statement print("OK") gets executed and displays OK. Since the elif condition is True, the else block is skipped.

A is true but R is false.

Reason — Assertion (A) is correct because Python does provide built-in functions like max(), min(), pow(), abs(), etc., that enhance processing capability and reduce complexity. However, Reason (R) is false because not all built-in functions are defined in the math module - functions like max(), min(), pow(), and abs() are directly available without importing the math module. Only specific functions like sqrt(), ceil(), floor(), etc., require the math module to be imported.

abs()

Reason — The abs() function returns the magnitude (absolute value) of the given number. For an integer argument, it returns an int data type.

sqrt()

Reason — The sqrt() function is used to find the square root of a positive number. In Python, it is used as math.sqrt().

ValueError

Reason — The square root of a negative number is an imaginary number. Therefore, math.sqrt(-49) results in a ValueError.

-91.9

Reason — The max() function returns the largest value among the given arguments. Between -91.91 and -91.9, the value -91.9 is greater.

import math
s = int(input("Enter the side of the square: "))
d = s * math.sqrt(2)
print("Diagonal of the square:", d)

Enter the side of the square: 10
Diagonal of the square: 14.142135623730951

import math
p = int(input("Enter the perpendicular: "))
b = int(input("Enter the base: "))
h = math.sqrt(p*p + b*b)
print("Hypotenuse of the right-angled triangle:", h)

Enter the perpendicular: 3
Enter the base: 4
Hypotenuse of the right-angled triangle: 5.0

a = int(input("Enter the first number: "))
b = int(input("Enter the second number: "))
if a == b:
    s = a + b
    print("Sum of the two numbers:", s)
else:
    p = a * b
    print("Product of the two numbers:", p)

Enter the first number: 11
Enter the second number: 11
Sum of the two numbers: 22

Enter the first number: 21
Enter the second number: 12
Product of the two numbers: 252

n = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if n > 0:
    print("The number is positive")
elif n < 0:
    print("The number is negative")
else:
    print("The number is zero")

Enter a number: -25
The number is negative

year = int(input("Enter a year: "))
if (year % 400 == 0) or ((year % 100 != 0) and (year % 4 == 0)):
    print("It is a leap year")
else:
    print("It is not a leap year")

Enter a year: 1600
It is a leap year

Enter a year: 2024
It is a leap year

Enter a year: 1900
It is not a leap year

cp = float(input("Enter the cost price: "))
sp = float(input("Enter the selling price: "))
if sp > cp:
    profit = sp - cp
    profit_percent = (profit / cp) * 100
    print("Profit:", profit)
    print("Profit Percent:", profit_percent)
else:
    loss = cp - sp
    loss_percent = (loss / cp) * 100
    print("Loss:", loss)
    print("Loss Percent:", loss_percent)

Enter the cost price: 500
Enter the selling price: 650
Profit: 150.0
Profit Percent: 30.0

Enter the cost price: 800
Enter the selling price: 600
Loss: 200.0
Loss Percent: 25.0

a = int(input("Enter the first angle: "))
b = int(input("Enter the second angle: "))
total = a + b
if total == 90:
    print("Complementary Angles")
elif total == 180:
    print("Supplementary Angles")
else:
    print("Neither Complementary nor Supplementary Angles")

Enter the first angle: 30
Enter the second angle: 60
Complementary Angles

Enter the first angle: 120
Enter the second angle: 60
Supplementary Angles

Enter the first angle: 40
Enter the second angle: 70
Neither Complementary nor Supplementary Angles

price = int(input("Enter price of the article:"))

# First shopkeeper
d1 = (30 / 100) * price
sp1 = price - d1

# Second shopkeeper
d2 = (20 / 100) * price
price_after_first = price - d2

d3 = (10 / 100) * price_after_first
total_discount = d2 + d3

sp2 = price - total_discount

print("Discount offered by first shopkeeper =", d1)
print("Discount offered by second shopkeeper =", total_discount)

if(d1 > total_discount):
    print("First shopkeeper offers a better deal")
elif(total_discount > d1):
    print("Second shopkeeper offers a better deal")
else:
    print("Both offers are same")

Enter price of the article:1000
Discount offered by first shopkeeper = 300.0
Discount offered by second shopkeeper = 280.0
First shopkeeper offers a better deal

import math
n = int(input("Enter a positive number: "))
if n < 0:
    print("Square root of a negative number cannot be determined")
else:
    sq = math.sqrt(n)
    if sq == int(sq):
        print("A perfect square")
    else:
        print("Not a perfect square")

Enter a positive number: 81
A perfect square

price = int(input("Enter price of the article:"))

# First shopkeeper
d1 = (30 / 100) * price
sp1 = price - d1

# Second shopkeeper
d2 = (20 / 100) * price
price_after_first = price - d2

d3 = (10 / 100) * price_after_first
total_discount = d2 + d3

sp2 = price - total_discount

print("Discount offered by first shopkeeper =", d1)
print("Discount offered by second shopkeeper =", total_discount)

if(d1 > total_discount):
    print("First shopkeeper offers a better deal")
elif(total_discount > d1):
    print("Second shopkeeper offers a better deal")
else:
    print("Both offers are same")

Enter price of the article:1000
Discount offered by first shopkeeper = 300.0
Discount offered by second shopkeeper = 280.0
First shopkeeper offers a better deal

name = input("Enter employee name:")
basic = int(input("Enter basic salary:"))

da = (30 / 100) * basic
hra = (18 / 100) * basic
pf = (12.5 / 100) * basic

gross = basic + da + hra
net = gross - pf

annual_gross = gross * 12

print("Name:", name)
print("Gross Salary =", gross)
print("Net Salary =", net)

if(annual_gross <= 500000):
    print("Not an Income Tax Payer")
else:
    print("An Income Tax Payer")

Enter employee name:Rahul
Enter basic salary:30000
Name: Rahul
Gross Salary = 44400.0
Net Salary = 40650.0
An Income Tax Payer

import math

num = int(input("Enter a number:"))

print("Enter 1 for Absolute value")
print("Enter 2 for Square root")
print("Enter 3 for Cube root")

choice = int(input("Enter your choice:"))

match choice:

    case 1:
        ab = abs(num)
        print("Absolute value =", ab)

    case 2:
        if(num >= 0):
            sq = math.sqrt(num)
            print("Square root =", sq)
        else:
            print("Square root of a negative number cannot be determined")

    case 3:
        cb = pow(num, 1/3)
        print("Cube root =", cb)

    case _:
        print("Invalid Choice!")

Enter a number:27
Enter 1 for Absolute value
Enter 2 for Square root
Enter 3 for Cube root
Enter your choice:3
Cube root = 3.0

Enter a number:100
Enter 1 for Absolute value
Enter 2 for Square root
Enter 3 for Cube root
Enter your choice:2
Square root = 10.0

Enter a number:-153
Enter 1 for Absolute value
Enter 2 for Square root
Enter 3 for Cube root
Enter your choice:1
Absolute value = 153

Indentation refers to the alignment of a statement or a group of statements which are part of another statement. In other words, it is the addition of white space before a statement to mark a particular block of code. In Python, all lines of code that belong to the same block must have the same indentation level. The standard indentation is four spaces, but any consistent number of spaces or tabs can be used. Python is very specific about indentation, improperly indented code will result in an error.

The three different types of errors that occur in a code are:

1. Syntax error
2. Logical error
3. Run Time error

The sequential movement of the flow of control from one statement to the other is termed as normal flow of control. In this flow, all the statements are executed one after the other (by default). The execution starts from 'Statement 1', moves to 'Statement 2', then 'Statement 3' and so on till the last statement of the program.

When the execution of the statements is based on a given condition, the control flow is referred to as the Conditional flow of control. In this construct, the control transfers to a defined statement based on whether the specified condition is true or false, while ignoring some statements unexecuted. Python provides conditional statements like if, if-else, and if-elif-else to implement conditional flow of control.

(i) if-else statement

The if-else statement is used when one of the two actions is to be carried out depending on a condition. If the condition is true, the control executes one block of indented statements; otherwise, it executes another block of indented statements.

Construct:

if condition:
    Statement(s) 1
else:
    Statement(s) 2

(ii) if-elif-else statement

The if-elif-else is a conditional construct where multiple 'if-else' statements are connected with the help of the keyword elif. It allows the user to execute a statement or a block of statements when the given condition in the first if statement is true. When the first condition is false, it checks another condition using elif and takes the necessary action. At the end, the logical construct stops with the else statement.

Construct:

if condition1:
    Statement 1
elif condition2:
    Statement 2
else:
    Statement 3

When a number is divided by zero, a Run Time error known as ZeroDivisionError occurs. This is because mathematically, a number cannot be divided by zero.

(i) '=' and '=='

(ii) Syntax Error and Logical Error

(i) max() — This function is used to find the largest of the given arguments. It returns a value depending on the input arguments (i.e., if the arguments are int types then the return value will be an int).

Example: max(41, 89) returns 89

(ii) min() — This function returns the smallest of the given arguments. The return value will depend on the input values of the arguments of the function.

Example: min(49, 68) returns 49

(iii) pow() — This function is used to find the power b raised to a specified base a (i.e., a^b). It returns data of type int or float, depending upon the output.

Example: pow(5, 3) returns 125

(iv) sqrt() — This function is used to find the square root of a number p for p > 0. It always returns a float type value. The math module must be imported to use this function.

Example: math.sqrt(81) returns 9.0