Conventional Sources of Energy

Both (1) and (2) i.e., conventional sources & non-renewable sources

Reason — Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are conventional sources of energy that have been used for a long time. They are also non-renewable resources because they take millions of years to form and cannot be replenished quickly.

Anthracite, 90

Reason — Anthracite is the highest ranking variety of coal and has a carbon content of 90 per cent. It burns slowly without smoke, leaves very little ash and has a high heating value, which is why it is globally preferred.

coking coal

Reason — Bituminous coal is used to produce coke, coal gas and steam coal and is therefore called coking coal.

Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.

Explanation — The fact that natural gas is lighter than air does not explain why it is eco-friendly. The eco-friendliness of natural gas comes from its low carbon emissions, not its ability to disperse. Hence, Reason (R) does not explain Assertion (A).

All of them.

Reason — Anthracite is ideal for domestic use as it is a smokeless fuel with a high calorific value and a high carbon content of 90 per cent. Hence, all the given options are correct.

Lignite

Reason — Lignite is also known as brown coal and is a lower grade coal. It comprises 40 per cent carbon along with a good deal of moisture and less of combustible matter.

Raniganj

Reason — The oldest coalfield in India is in Raniganj in West Bengal, while the largest coalfield is in Jharia in Jharkhand.

All of them.

Reason — Gondwana coal is almost free from moisture and contains sulphur and phosphorus in small variable quantities. Hence, all the given options are correct.

Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.

Explanation — Hydel power is one of the cheapest renewable energy sources because of its low operating cost after the initial investment. Although it produces no waste or greenhouse gases during operation, this does not explain why it is the cheapest.

Tamil Nadu

Reason — The Neyveli lignite field is located in Tamil Nadu and is the largest lignite deposit field in South India.

Crude oil

Reason — The liquid form of petroleum is called crude oil, the petroleum gas is called natural gas and the semi-solid to solid forms are known as asphalt, tar, pitch and bitumen.

diesel

Reason — When crude oil is refined, light distillates like gasoline, LPG and naphtha are produced, while middle distillates such as diesel and kerosene are obtained. Hence, diesel corresponds to middle distillates.

All of the above

Reason — Petroleum is used as a fuel, as a raw material for the production of various petrochemical products and for power generation. Hence, all the given options are correct.

Butane

Reason — The main component of LPG is butane, while propane and ethane are its other constituents.

All of the above.

Reason — Fossil fuels are being phased out because they emit greenhouse gases, are non-renewable, and are becoming costlier due to their limited reserves. Hence, all the given options are correct.

The car uses Compressed Natural Gas as fuel.

Reason — The gas used for running vehicles is known as Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). It is used as an alternative to petrol and diesel for the transport of vehicles, so the sticker indicates that the car runs on CNG.

Conventional sources of energy are those which have been used by man for a long time and are still being tapped and used abundantly.

These include coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydel power.

Two main coal bearing areas in India are Raniganj in West Bengal and Jharia in Jharkhand.

(i) Anthracite is used for domestic purposes as it is a smokeless fuel with high calorific value.

(ii) Oil refineries are located close to oilfields or near ports to minimise the cost of transport and to avoid the risk of transporting the oil inside the country due to its inflammable nature.

(iii) Location of coal fields is an important factor in industrial development because it is the basic source of power and it is heavy and bulky also, hence difficult to transport.

(i) The varieties of coal found in India are anthracite, bituminous, lignite and peat.

(ii) Characteristic of each type of coal are:

1. Anthracite coal — It is shiny and lustrous, almost jet black.
2. Bituminous coal — It is hard, black and compact and makes up almost 80% of the world's total coal output.
3. Lignite coal — It comprises 40% of carbon and a good deal of moisture and less of combustible matter.
4. Peat coal — It has the least carbon content and is inferior to the other three varieties of coal.

The oldest coalfield in India is in Raniganj in West Bengal and the largest coalfield is in Jharia in Jharkhand.

(i) Petroleum is called 'liquid gold' because there is not even a tiniest part of crude petroleum which goes to waste or remains unused.

(ii) Natural gas is a fossil fuel because it has been formed by decomposing remains of dead animals and plants buried under the earth.

(iii) CNG is an eco-friendly fuel because it causes less damage to the environment as it is made up of methane and results in less carbon emissions.

(i) Two advantages of coal as a source of power are-

1. Energy produced from coal fired plants is cheaper and more affordable than other energy sources.
2. Coal is easy to burn and produces high energy upon combustion.

(ii) The oldest oilfield in India is Digboi oilfield situated in Tinsukhia district of Assam.

Natural gas is a fossil fuel which occurs in association with mineral oil. It is mainly composed of methane with small amounts of propane and ethane.

Two variants of natural gas are-

1. Compressed Natural Gas
2. Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Over three-fourths of India's natural gas comes from Mumbai High. The rest is produced in Assam, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan and Tripura.

Two coastal oil-refineries in India are-

1. Haldia refinery – Indian Oil Corporation Limited in Haldia, West Bengal
2. Visakhapatnam Refinery – Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh

Two inland oil-refineries in India are-

1. Bina Refinery – Bharat Oman Refineries Limited in Bina, Madhya Pradesh.
2. Panipat Refinery – Indian Oil Corporation Limited in Panipat, Haryana.

(i) Natural gas deposits mostly accompany oil deposits because it has been formed by decomposing remains of dead animals and plants buried under the earth.

(ii) Ethyl mercaptan, a foul smelling gas is added to domestic gas cylinders, so that any leakage of LPG from the cylinder can be detected instantaneously.

Two advantages of natural gas are-

1. It is a cleaner, cheaper fuel than diesel or gasoline.
2. Natural gas is an eco-friendly fuel.

One disadvantage of natural gas is that leaks of natural gas are difficult to detect and are very dangerous.

(i) Jharia has large coal deposits in Jharkhand.

(ii) Raniganj has large coal deposits in West Bengal.

One disadvantage of coal found in India is that its calorific value is low.

(i) Jharkhand and Odisha have deposits of the Gondwana coal.

(ii) Two industries that use large quantity of coal are-

1. Iron and Steel industries
2. Thermal energy power plants

(i) Assam is the largest producer of mineral oil.

(ii) Two advantages of hydel power are-

1. Hydel power is clean, non-polluting source of energy.
2. It does not produce any Greenhouse gases and prevents global warming.

India has to import oil to meet the ever increasing industrial and domestic demands.

Jamnagar refinery in Gujarat belongs to the private sector and Guwahati Refinery in Assam is a public sector refinery.

Below are the oil-refineries along with their location and source of crude oil:

1. Oil refinery — Trombay refinery in Maharashtra
   Location — West coast of India
   Source of crude oil — Ankleshwar fields
2. Oil refinery — Visakhapatnam Refinery in Andhra Pradesh
   Location — East coast of India
   Source of crude oil — Tatipaka field
3. Oil refinery — Mathura refinery in Uttar Pradesh
   Location — Inland oil refinery
   Source of crude oil — Mumbai High

Petroleum is normally found in underground reservoirs in sedimentary rock formations like sandstone, shale and limestone. The entire production of India comes from the Assam-Arakan belt, the Gujarat-Cambay belt and the Mumbai High offshore zone.

Two uses of Petroleum besides being used as a fuel are-

1. Petroleum after refining is used as raw material for the production of various petrochemical products like synthetic rubber, synthetic fibre, polysterene, PVC, phenol, gasoline etc.
2. It is used in the manufacture of lubricants, paraffin wax and petroleum jelly.

Four products that are obtained during the refining process of petroleum are-

1. Petrol
2. Diesel
3. Kerosene
4. Tar

Two advantages of using petroleum as a source of power are-

1. It is a stable energy source.
2. It is a high density fuel.

Three disadvantages of using petroleum are-

1. Petroleum is a natural fossil fuel and non-renewable.
2. Extracting and burning petroleum generates greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming and environmental pollution.
3. It is expensive because of its limited supply and high demand.

Three advantages of hydel power are-

1. Hydel power is a clean, non-polluting source of energy. The water used does not contaminate air or water by producing harmful wastes or poisonous bi-products.
2. It does not produce any Greenhouse Gases and prevents us from the harmful effects of Global Warming.
3. It is a renewable source of energy which can be used again and again.

In Maharashtra, about 176 km off Mumbai in the Arabian Sea, there is a huge oil deposit known as Mumbai High.

The syncline of the rock structure in which oil has been struck is higher than the normal height and oil is taken from the depth of over 1,400 m with the help of a specially designed platform known as 'Sagar Samrat'. It is a self propelled jack-up type of drilling platform.

Coal is bulky and heavy, making its transportation difficult and expensive. Therefore, industries using large quantities of coal are often located near coal mines.

Mineral oil, on the other hand, can be easily and economically transported over long distances through pipelines and tankers, allowing it to be used far from its source of extraction.

India's main coalfields are located in the Gondwana region, mainly in Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh. These coalfields contain about 98% of India's coal reserves.

The coal found here is mainly bituminous coal, which is of good quality and suitable for industrial use.

Gondwana coal is used to produce coke, coal gas and steam coal.

Three advantages of dams are-

1. Dams built to produce hydroelectricity help to save and restore water.
2. Dams provide water for irrigation.
3. Dams prevent flooding.

The power generated in the given picture is Hydel power or Hydroelectricity.

Hydroelectricity is produced from the energy that is released when water falls from a high level with great force. The water flowing in a river is collected by constructing a big dam where the water is stored. Then it is allowed to fall from a height. The blades of the turbine located at the bottom of the dam move with the force of falling water, which in turn rotates the generator and produces electricity.

(i) Bhakra Nangal dam has been constructed on the river Sutlej.

(ii) Punjab and Himachal Pradesh benefit from this project.

(i) Hirakud dam is built across Mahanadi river.

(ii) Two uses of this dam are-

1. It regulates the flow of the Mahanadi river and produces hydroelectricity through several hydroelectric plants.
2. The dam helps control floods in the Mahanadi delta and irrigates 75,000 sq km of land.

Three disadvantages of building a big dam are-

1. The cost of building dams for producing hydroelectricity is quite high.
2. Building a large dam alters the natural water table level.
3. It can cause serious geological damage like triggering earthquakes in the area.

In the printing industry, the conventional source of energy typically used is electricity. It powers the printing press, printers, cutting machines, and other equipment necessary for the printing process.

Electricity affects the lives of people in India in the following ways:

1. Employment — It sustains jobs and livelihoods for workers involved in printing-related tasks, contributing to employment opportunities in India.
2. Economic growth — When printing companies operate efficiently, it supports other sectors such as publishing, packaging, advertising, and education. This fosters economic growth and contributes to the overall development of India.
3. Access to printed materials — Electricity-powered printing ensures access to printed materials that are crucial for education, information dissemination, entertainment and cultural preservation.
4. Communication — Reliable electricity supply enables the production of newspapers and magazines, serving as important sources of news and information for people across India.
5. Advertising and marketing — Electricity powers the production of marketing materials such as banners, brochures, and flyers, which is essential for advertising and marketing activities.
6. Environmental impact — The impact of electricity generation on the environment depends on the energy mix. Transitioning to cleaner and renewable sources of electricity can help mitigate environmental consequences, reducing pollution and greenhouse gas emissions associated with the printing industry.

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) has been developed as an alternative to petrol and diesel for use in vehicles.

It is derived from Natural gas. It is preferred over other conventional sources of energy such as petrol and diesel because of the following reasons:

1. Natural gas is an eco-friendly fuel as it causes less damage to the environment.
2. It is easier to preserve than other fuels. It can be stored and transported through pipelines, small storage units, cylinders or tankers on land and sea.
3. It can be piped into houses for heating and cooking purposes and running a variety of appliances.
4. It is a cleaner, cheaper fuel than diesel or gasoline.
5. It is lighter than air and tends to dissipate when there is a leakage unlike propane, which being heavier than air, collects into explosive pockets.

I foresee the following advantages once this hydro-project is completed:

1. Generates renewable and clean hydroelectric power with little air pollution.
2. Provides a reliable supply of electricity for homes and industries.
3. Stores water for irrigation, drinking, and flood control.
4. Promotes regional development by creating employment and improving infrastructure.

I foresee the following disadvantages once this hydro-project is completed:

1. Causes displacement of people and loss of livelihoods.
2. Leads to the submergence of forests and fertile agricultural land.
3. Disturbs river ecosystems and affects aquatic life. Reservoirs may lose storage capacity due to sedimentation.
4. Large reservoirs may induce reservoir-triggered seismic activity (earthquakes) in some areas.

From the given graph, I infer the following points:

1. In rural areas, electricity consumption increased from 15% (1983) to almost 100% (2023), while kerosene use dropped from near 85% (1983) to near zero in 2023.
2. In urban areas, electricity use rose from 65% (1983) to 100% (2023), and kerosene fell from 35% (1983) to zero in 2023.
3. This suggests better energy access, affordability, and a move towards cleaner energy sources by complete transition from kerosene to electricity as the primary source of lighting by 2023 in both rural and urban areas.