The Non-Aligned Movement

Winston Churchill

Reason — the chief architects of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) were Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru (India), President Sukarno (Indonesia), President Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt), and Marshal Tito (Yugoslavia). Winston Churchill is not mentioned as one of the chief architects of NAM.

Belgrade

Reason — The first summit of the non-aligned countries took place at Belgrade in Yugoslavia in September 1961. It was attended by 25 countries from Asia and Africa and one European country, Cyprus.

To form a military alliance to safeguard territories

Reason — The five principles of Panchsheel are mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, equality and mutual benefit, non-interference in each other's internal affairs and peaceful co-existence. Forming a military alliance is not one of these principles.

Cairo

Reason — The Second Summit of the NAM took place at Cairo in 1964, by which time the number of non-aligned countries had risen to 47.

Supporting capitalist bloc led by USA

Reason — The main objective of the Non-Aligned Movement was to keep the newly independent countries away from the power blocs and safeguard their independence. Therefore, supporting the capitalist bloc led by the USA cannot be an objective of the NAM.

Marshal Tito

Reason — The First Summit of the NAM was held in September 1961 at Belgrade in Yugoslavia, and it was presided over by Marshal Tito, the head of the host country.

F.D. Roosevelt

Reason — The chief architects of the NAM were Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru of India, President Sukarno of Indonesia, President Nasser of Egypt and Marshall Tito of Yugoslavia. F.D. Roosevelt, being the President of the USA, one of the two super powers, had no role in the founding of the NAM.

Panchsheel

Reason — The NAM adopted Panchsheel, the five principles of peaceful co-existence, which were included in the Sino-Indian Agreement of 1954. Panchsheel formed the basis of the Bandung Conference and was a great contribution to the development of the Non-Aligned Movement.

Abdel Nasser

Reason — President Abdel Nasser of Egypt, along with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru of India and President Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, were the main founders of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).

Mutual non-aggression

Reason — Mutual non-aggression is one of the five principles of Panchsheel. The other four are — mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, equality for mutual benefit, non-interference in each other's internal affairs and peaceful co-existence.

The Panchsheel

Reason — The Panchsheel or the five principles of peaceful co-existence formed the basis of the Bandung Conference of 1955 and were a great contribution to the development of the NAM, thus shaping its objectives. NATO, SEATO and the Warsaw Pact were military alliances formed by the two power blocs.

A country maintains relations with both factions during the Cold War and does not take sides.

Reason — Non-alignment is the international policy of a sovereign state whereby it does not align itself with any of the major power blocs, while actively participating in world affairs to promote peace, harmony, and international cooperation.

The strategy of the new independent states of Asia, Africa and South America to keep themselves away from the power blocs in order to protect their independence.

Two factors which led to the establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement are:

1. Military alliances and the division of the world into two power blocs
2. The race for armaments

"Panchsheel" means the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence. These principles were included in the Sino-Indian Agreement of 1954. Panchsheel formed the basis of the Bandung Conference of 1955 and made a great contribution to the development of the Non-Aligned Movement.

The Bandung Conference was held in Indonesia in the year 1955.

India was represented by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru at the Belgrade Conference.

Jawaharlal Nehru was instrumental in laying the foundation of the Non-Aligned Movement in the following two ways:

1. He urged the newly independent countries to maintain their separate identity and not join either of the two power blocs.
2. Jawaharlal Nehru played an important role in the Bandung Conference of 1955. It was decided that the newly independent countries should keep themselves aloof from international disputes and try to settle their disputes by following the five principles of mutual co-existence or "Panchsheel".

Three objectives of Non-Aligned Movement are:

1. To eliminate all those causes which could lead to war.
2. To oppose colonialism, imperialism and racial discrimination.
3. To oppose the use of force and the use of nuclear weapons.

Two objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement are:

1. The new independent states should avoid alignment to preserve their independence because they are militarily weak.
2. Colonialism and imperialism have encouraged the spirit of exploitation, so every attempt is made by the non-aligned countries to end colonialism and imperialism.

Two principles of 'Panchsheel' are:

1. Mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity
2. Mutual non-aggression

The strategy of the new independent states of Asia, Africa and South America to keep themselves away from the power blocs in order to protect their independence is known as Non-Alignment.

Two founders of the Non-Aligned Movement are:

1. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru of India
2. Marshall Tito of Yugoslavia

(a) The strategy of the new independent states of Asia, Africa and South America to keep themselves away from the power blocs in order to protect their independence is known as Non-Alignment.

(b) The main objectives of the NAM are given below:

1. The new independent states should avoid alignment in order to safeguard their independence.
2. The newly emerged states do not like to be involved in foreign wars in which they have no interest.
3. Colonialism and imperialism have encouraged the spirit of exploitation, so every attempt is made by the non-aligned countries to end colonialism and imperialism.
4. The Non-Aligned countries keep themselves away from power blocs so that they may do something to defuse the tense atmosphere and if there is any war they may act as mediators and prevent war and bring peace in the world.
5. The NAM is opposed to war and has full faith in co-operation and peaceful co-existence.
6. The Non-Aligned countries have firm faith in the principle of equality. They condemn racial discrimination as negation of humanity.
7. The Non-Aligned countries want to establish economic relations between the nations based on equality because they are essential for economic and social reconstruction at home.
8. The NAM is against the manufacture of dangerous weapons because they poison the whole atmosphere.
9. The Non-Aligned countries have full respect for human rights because they are necessary for the development of the individuals.

(a) Nehru's thoughts and ideas prompted the newly independent countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America to remain united and maintain their separate identity.According to him, this could only be done if they form some sort of a common institution which would give them strength, keep their separate identity secure, enable them to help each other and help them to maintain peace and order in the world.

(b) The First Summit of the Non-Aligned countries took place at Belgrade in September 1961. About 25 countries participated in it. The conference gave formal shape to the Non-Aligned Movement, and Jawaharlal Nehru played an important role in planning its composition, policies and aims.

When the Second Summit of the NAM took place at Cairo in 1964, the number of non-aligned countries had risen to 47. The member countries freely discussed the problems concerning the newly independent countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. It was mainly because of Nehru's efforts that NAM became a great force in the modern polity.

(a) The organisation founded by these leaders is the Non-Aligned Movement.

(b) The leaders in the given picture are — Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru of India, President Sukarno of Indonesia, President Nasser of Egypt and Marshall Tito of Yugoslavia.

(c) Three objectives of NAM are given below:

1. The new independent states should avoid alignment to preserve their independence because they are militarily weak.
2. Colonialism and imperialism have encouraged the spirit of exploitation, so every attempt is made by the non-aligned countries to end colonialism and imperialism.
3. The NAM is against the spirit of warfares. It has full faith in co-operation and peaceful co-existence.