ICSE Class 10 Robotics & AI — 2026 Improvement

Defence

Reason — The figure shows a tracked, armoured robot fitted with a mounted weapon system. Such robots are used in the defence sector for tasks like surveillance, bomb disposal, and combat operations in dangerous areas, keeping soldiers safe from harm.

Face recognition

Reason — Face recognition uses artificial intelligence to identify a person by analysing and matching facial features with stored data. The other options - microwave ovens, room heaters, and geysers, are simple electrical machines that work on fixed mechanisms and do not use AI.

collaborates with humans

Reason — A cobot (collaborative robot) is designed to work alongside humans in a safe and collaborative environment. It assists humans in performing tasks with a focus on cooperation and involvement, rather than working completely on its own.

Single axis

Reason — A revolute joint, also known as a rotary joint, allows the links of a robot to rotate around a single fixed axis. It provides angular movement, similar to the working of a human elbow.

Rack and pinion gear

Reason — A rack and pinion gear consists of a circular pinion that meshes with a straight, flat rack. As the pinion rotates, it moves the rack in a straight line, thus converting rotational motion into linear motion.

Electric rotary actuator

Reason — A rotary actuator provides torque to rotate or turn objects by producing rotational motion around an axis. An electric rotary actuator is therefore best suited for turning a wheel, which requires continuous rotational movement.

upper()

Reason — The upper() function is a string method that converts all the characters of a string into uppercase. The functions sort(), append(), and extend() are list methods, not string functions.

The big gear spins slower and in the opposite direction.

Reason — When two meshing spur gears rotate, their teeth interlock, so the driven gear always turns in the opposite direction to the driving gear. Since the big gear has more teeth than the small driving gear, it completes fewer rotations, so it spins slower and in the opposite direction.

Matplotlib

Reason — Matplotlib is a Python library used to plot different types of graphs and charts, such as line charts, bar charts, and pie charts. NumPy, Pandas, and SciPy are mainly used for numerical operations, data handling, and scientific computations.

process sensor data, make decisions, and act on it.

Reason — A control system continually measures the system's performance using sensors, processes this data, generates suitable control signals, and applies them to the actuators to perform the required action.

create algorithms that make predictions and discover patterns from data.

Reason — AI modelling refers to the development of a program or algorithm that is trained on data to discover patterns and draw conclusions or generate predictions.

transmit and amplify force.

Reason — The function of gears is to transmit motion and power from one component to another through the interlocking of their teeth. By using suitable gear ratios, gears can also amplify force (torque).

Works with labelled data

Reason — In supervised learning, the machine learning program is trained on a set of data that has already been labelled. The algorithm learns to find patterns by matching the input data with the given labels. Working without labels and clustering are features of unsupervised learning.

Data theft

Reason — Data theft means acquiring someone's personal data, such as financial credentials or confidential documents, without permission. It violates an individual's right to control their personal information, and hence it is an ethical issue in computing.

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation for (A).

Reason — Data acquisition is the second stage of the AI Project Cycle in which relevant data is collected, so the Assertion is true. Since an AI model learns and makes predictions only from data, it cannot be trained without collecting data. Thus, the Reason is true and correctly explains why data acquisition is a necessary stage.

data should be authentic, reliable and accurate.

Reason — Data acquisition involves collecting accurate and reliable data from relevant and authentic sources. The methods used to collect the data should also be ethical and lawful.

Scatter plot

Reason — The figure shows data represented using scattered dots, where each dot represents a single data point. Such a plot is used to show the relationship between two sets of values and is known as a scatter plot.

To simulate and test robotic systems virtually.

Reason — Tinkercad is a free online software used to design, visualise, and simulate circuits and robotic systems in a virtual environment. Its primary benefit is that it allows users to test robotic systems virtually before building them physically.

string.count('a')

Reason — The count() function is a string method that counts the number of times a particular character or substring occurs in a string. Its correct syntax is string.count('a'). The other options are not valid Python string methods.

AA

Reason — When a string is multiplied by an integer, Python repeats the string that many times. Here, "A" * 2 repeats the string "A" two times, producing AA.

Two sensors used in autonomous cars are:

1. LiDAR sensor
2. Camera (vision) sensor

Two benefits of using delivery robots in urban areas are:

1. They reduce the delivery time by transporting food and parcels directly to the customer's doorstep.
2. They reduce human effort and labour in delivering goods to customers.

The gear ratio shows how the number of teeth on the driving gear (input) relates to the number of teeth on the driven gear (output). It indicates the number of times the output gear turns in relation to the input gear. It is calculated as:

$\text{Gear Ratio}=\frac{\text{Number of teeth on driven gear}}{\text{Number of teeth on driving gear}}$

The machine is first trained using a labelled dataset containing images of a raw mango and other fruits. During training, the machine learning algorithm learns the important features of a raw mango, such as its colour, shape, and texture. When a new image is given, the machine compares it with the features learnt during training and classifies it as a raw mango if the features match, otherwise it identifies it as a different fruit.

Two methods of committing cyber fraud using a computer are:

1. Malware — Harmful software is installed on a computer unknowingly to steal personal information by gaining a backdoor entry into the system.
2. Phishing — A genuine-looking email or message with a link is sent, which directs the user to a fake website to steal their credentials and other sensitive details.

Supervised learning is an approach in which the machine learning model is trained on a set of data that has already been labelled. By matching the labels with the data, the algorithm learns to find patterns and relationships. After training, the model can predict an output for new, unseen input data. For example, a spam email predictor is trained on a labelled collection of emails (spam or not spam) to classify new incoming emails.

Who: The "Who" block helps identify the people who are directly or indirectly affected by the problem. These people are called stakeholders, who are involved in the problem and will benefit from the solution.

Why: The "Why" block helps us think about why the given problem is worth solving and how the solution would benefit the stakeholders as well as society, such as by improving quality of life, increasing efficiency, or enhancing safety.

(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

The tuple t = (1, 2, 3) is created. The + operator concatenates (joins) two tuples. Here, the tuple (4, 5) is joined to t, forming a new tuple (1, 2, 3, 4, 5), which is stored back in t.

nohtyP

The string "Python" is stored in the variable s. The slice s[::-1] uses a step of -1, which reverses the string by reading all its characters from the last to the first.

Hence, the output is nohtyP.

11000
1700

The tuple sal contains the values (7000, 4000, 11000, 1700).

1. The max(sal) function returns the largest value in the tuple, which is 11000.
2. The min(sal) function returns the smallest value in the tuple, which is 1700.

Hence, the output is:

11000
1700

Three advantages of Smart schools are:

1. They provide personalised attention to each student, helping ensure that all students get an equal opportunity to learn.
2. They deliver educational content in a variety of ways, making learning more engaging, effective, and attractive for students of all learning styles.
3. They free up teachers' time by handling tasks like grading, allowing teachers to focus on providing individual attention to students.

Autonomous systems are systems that can learn from their environment and have decision-making capability. They are flexible and adaptable, as they work on the basis of learning and do not follow a fixed rule-based algorithm. This allows them to operate in real-world situations and take decisions according to the situation.

Two examples of autonomous systems are:

1. Self-driving cars
2. Drones

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

date = ['1 Sep', '2 Sep', '3 Sep', '4 Sep', '5 Sep']
rainfall = [90, 92, 180, 120, 80]

plt.plot(date, rainfall)
plt.xlabel("Date")
plt.ylabel("Rainfall")
plt.title("Rainfall Data")
plt.show()

Output

Three advantages of using cobots in industries are:

1. Safety: Cobots have built-in safety mechanisms that keep them from injuring humans even on contact, making them a safer choice than standard industrial robots.
2. Flexibility: Cobots can be easily programmed to perform new tasks and, being lightweight, can be relocated to different work areas as needed.
3. Productivity: Cobots increase productivity by automating repetitive and risky operations, working faster and more accurately than humans without needing breaks.

Data modelling (AI modelling) refers to the development of a program or algorithm that can be used to draw conclusions or generate predictions based on the available data. At this stage, an appropriate model is selected and trained with the data that has been acquired and explored, in order to achieve the goal of the AI project. AI models are mainly built using two approaches — the rule-based approach and the learning-based approach.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

Country = ['Russia', 'India', 'China', 'Bangladesh', 'Nepal']
Pollution = [4, 2, 3, 1, 5]

plt.pie(Pollution, labels=Country)
plt.title("Pollution Ranking of Countries")
plt.show()

Output

Three security measures to safeguard a computer from cyber threats are:

1. Use strong, secure passwords and update them frequently.
2. Keep the software up to date, as updates include security fixes that protect the system.
3. Use trusted antivirus and antimalware programs, and use firewalls to protect the system.

tup = (100, 200, 700, 300, 150)

lst = list(tup)

idx = lst.index(700)
lst.remove(700)
lst.insert(idx, 650)

lst.sort()

final_tup = tuple(lst)

print("Final tuple:")
print(final_tup)

Final tuple:
(100, 150, 200, 300, 650)

In a robotic arm with a revolute joint, the sensors first provide input about the position and orientation of the arm to the controller. The controller processes this input and generates control signals using control algorithms. These signals are sent to the actuator, which is an electric motor. The motor converts the electrical signal into mechanical motion, producing the rotational (angular) movement of the revolute joint. A feedback mechanism monitors the movement so that the arm reaches the desired position accurately.

s = "Computer Applications"

length = len(s)
print("Length of the string:", length)

count_p = "Applications".count('p')
print("Occurrences of 'p' in 'Applications':", count_p)

pos = s.find("Applications")
print("Position of 'Applications':", pos)

upper_check = s.isupper()
print("Is the string in uppercase:", upper_check)

new_s = s.replace("Applications", "Science")
print("New string:", new_s)

Length of the string: 21
Occurrences of 'p' in 'Applications': 2
Position of 'Applications': 9
Is the string in uppercase: False
New string: Computer Science

A vision sensor is a device that collects visual information from its surroundings and processes it to perform activities such as object detection, recognition, and tracking. In robotics, vision sensors help the robot to "see" and understand its environment so that it can navigate and interact with objects.

Example: Camera sensor.

The purpose of the data acquisition stage is to acquire or collect accurate and reliable data from relevant sources. Data acts as the fuel for AI algorithms, as AI systems learn patterns and make predictions based on this data. Therefore, collecting authentic and sufficient data in this stage is essential for training the AI model correctly.

t1 = (100, 110, 120, 330, 440)

t2 = (77, 88)
t1 = t1 + t2

lst1 = list(t1)

lst2 = [16, 26]
lst1.append(lst2)

lst1.pop(2)

lst1.insert(5, 40)

print("List after operations:")
print(lst1)

List after operations:
[100, 110, 330, 440, 77, 40, 88, [16, 26]]

Three key components required to design a simple wheeled robot are:

1. Breadboard — used to connect multiple components of the circuit.
2. DC Motors — act as actuators to move the wheels of the robot.
3. Arduino Uno — a microcontroller that acts as the controller (brain) of the robot.

(a) Data can be represented in different forms such as text, image, audio, and video.

(b) A line chart (line graph) is ideal for showing trends and changes in data over a period of time.

stg = " Welcome to My Python Project "

stg = stg.lower()
print("Lowercase string:", stg)

stg = stg.replace("my", "your")
print("After replacement:", stg)

length = len(stg)
print("Length of the new string:", length)

ends = stg.endswith('T')
print("Ends with 'T':", ends)

reversed_chars = stg[3:7][::-1]
print("Characters from index 3 to 6 in reverse order:", reversed_chars)

Lowercase string:  welcome to my python project 
After replacement:  welcome to your python project 
Length of the new string: 32
Ends with 'T': False
Characters from index 3 to 6 in reverse order: mocl