ICSE Class 10 Robotics & AI — 2026 Paper

Agriculture

Reason — The figure shows a robot used in agricultural fields. Such robots are designed to perform tasks like planting seeds, harvesting crops, spraying fertilizers or pesticides, and monitoring crop health.

Traffic light sequencing

Reason — In traffic light sequencing, the signals change in a fixed order (red → yellow → green) based on predefined time intervals. For a given input condition, the output is always the same and predictable. Hence, it follows a definite set of rules and produces consistent results, making it an example of deterministic computing.

machine

Reason — A room heater is a machine because it uses electrical energy to do useful work by producing heat energy.

simulating robotic movements.

Reason — Tinkercad is a simulation tool used to design and visualize circuits and robotic systems. It allows users to simulate the working and movements of robots in a virtual environment, which makes it useful for testing and understanding robotic behaviour.

Input → Controller → Robot → Feedback

Reason — In a robotic control system, the input is first given to the controller, which processes the data and sends commands to the robot. The robot then performs the required action, and feedback is generated to monitor and adjust the system. Hence, the correct sequence is Input → Controller → Robot → Feedback.

Pneumatic piston

Reason — A linear actuator produces motion in a straight line. A pneumatic piston moves back and forth in a linear direction using compressed air, hence it is a linear actuator.

s.isalnum()

Reason — The function isalnum() is used to check whether all characters in a string are alphanumeric (i.e., letters and numbers). It returns True if all characters are either alphabets or digits, otherwise it returns False. The other options are incorrect because they are not valid Python string methods.

4 : 1

Reason — The driving gear is the gear that receives power directly from the motor and moves first. Here, the motor drives the small gear with 10 teeth, so it is the driving gear.

The driven gear is the gear that is moved by the driving gear. Here, the larger gear with 40 teeth is connected to the small gear and rotates because of it, so it is the driven gear.

The formula for gear ratio is:

$\text{Gear Ratio}=\frac{\text{Number of teeth on driven gear}}{\text{Number of teeth on driving gear}}$

Substituting the values:

$\text{Gear Ratio}=\frac{40}{10}=4$

Hence, the correct answer is 4 : 1.

len(a)

Reason — The function len() is used to find the number of characters in a string. When the string a is passed as an argument, len(a) returns its length.

loss of data.

Reason — Unauthorised hardware access can result in tampering, damage, or misuse of devices, which may lead to deletion or corruption of stored data. Hence, it results in loss of data rather than improved performance or increased data.

measure model performance on unseen data.

Reason — Testing data is used after training the model to evaluate how well it performs on new, unseen data. It helps in measuring the accuracy and effectiveness of the model rather than training it.

detect changes in environment and send signals.

Reason — A sensor is used to detect changes in the environment such as light, temperature or motion and convert them into signals that can be processed by the system.

if a machine can exhibit human-like responses.

Reason — The Turing Test is used to determine whether a machine can imitate human behaviour in such a way that its responses are indistinguishable from those of a human. Hence, it evaluates the ability of a machine to exhibit human-like responses.

Tinkercad

Reason — Tinkercad is used to design and simulate robotic systems and circuits in a virtual environment. It helps in testing and visualising the working of robots, which makes it suitable for robotic simulation.

(A) is true but (R) is false.

Reason — Robots use actuators to produce movement by converting energy into mechanical action, so the Assertion is true. However, sensing the environment and converting it into electrical signals is the function of sensors, not actuators. Therefore, the Reason is false.

Line graph

Reason — The graph shows data points connected by continuous lines representing changes over a period of time. Such representation of data using connected points is characteristic of a line graph.

end users affected by the project.

Reason — In AI problem scoping, "Who" refers to the people or users who will be impacted by or will use the solution. It helps in identifying the target audience and stakeholders of the project.

Int

Reason — The given code stores the string "Artificial Intelligence" in the variable msg. Python follows 0-based indexing, where the first character is at index 0.

Index Table:

The statement msg[11:14] performs string slicing, where:

• 11 is the starting index (included)
• 14 is the ending index (excluded)

Thus, characters at index 11, 12, and 13 are selected: 'Int'.

Hence, the output is Int.

import

Reason — In Python, the keyword import is used to include a module or package in a program so that its functions and features can be used.

BA

Reason — The string "BOARD EXAMINATION" is stored in variable x. Python uses 0-based indexing.

Index Table:

The slice x[0:4:2] means:

• Start from index 0
• Go up to index 4 (excluded)
• Take every 2nd character (step = 2)

So selected indices:
→ 0 → B
→ 2 → A

Thus, the output is BA.

Sensors used in Autonomous Drones:

1. GPS sensor
2. Ultrasonic sensor

Advantages of using cobots in hospitals:

1. They reduce the workload of nurses by assisting in routine tasks like delivering medicines.
2. They improve efficiency and accuracy, ensuring timely delivery of medicines to patients.

A spur gear is a gear with straight teeth that are parallel to the shaft axis, used to transmit motion and power between parallel shafts.

Application:

Spur gears are used in robotic arms to transmit motion and control the movement of joints.

Data refers to raw facts or inputs used in machine learning. Machines are trained using this data to identify patterns and relationships. It is processed into meaningful information that helps in making decisions, predictions, and classifications. The quality and quantity of data directly affect the accuracy and performance of the model.

Both machine intelligence and human intelligence improve through learning from experience. Machine intelligence learns from data during training, while humans learn from past experiences and observations. Both are capable of recognising patterns and using them to analyse situations, solve problems, and make decisions.

Kaggle provides access to a large collection of real-world datasets, which can be easily used for training and testing machine learning models.

Modelling is important as it involves selecting and training an appropriate AI model using the given data to achieve the desired goal. It helps the system learn patterns from data and enables it to make predictions or decisions effectively.

False

Given: a = 5, b = 3

Evaluate the expression: a > b and b < 3

• a > b → 5 > 3 → True
• b < 3 → 3 < 3 → False

Now, True AND False → False (The AND operator returns True only when both conditions are True, otherwise, it returns False.)

Hence, the output is False.

YTH

The string 'PYTHON' is stored in the variable str1. Python uses 0-based indexing.

Index Table:

The slice str1[1:4] selects characters from index 1 to 3 (excluding 4): YTH

Hence, the output is YTH.

2
False

In the string "Great Day":

1. The statement s.count('a') counts the number of occurrences of lowercase 'a' in the string. It appears 2 times, hence the output is 2.

2. The statement s.startswith('g') checks whether the string starts with lowercase 'g'. Since the string starts with uppercase 'G', it returns False as Python is case-sensitive.

Hence, the output is:

2
False

Assistant robots are intelligent machines designed to support humans in performing various tasks. They help in activities such as customer service, personal assistance, healthcare support, and industrial work. These robots can perform tasks like answering questions, providing assistance, and handling repetitive or time-consuming jobs, thereby improving efficiency. A few examples of assistant robots are Pepper, Roomba, CloiHomeBot, Astro.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

month = ['Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun']
sales = [25, 30, 28, 35, 40, 38]

plt.bar(month, sales)
plt.xlabel("Month")
plt.ylabel("Sales (in lakhs)")
plt.title("XYZ Ltd. Half-Yearly Sales")
plt.show()

Output

Smart homes are homes equipped with smart devices that are connected through the internet and can be controlled remotely to improve comfort, security, and efficiency.

Two features of a smart home are:

1. Automated lighting and appliances allow devices to operate automatically based on user needs or conditions.
2. Smart security systems use cameras and sensors to enhance safety and provide alerts for any unusual activity.

Data Exploration is the stage of the AI Project Cycle in which the collected data is examined carefully to understand its structure, patterns, trends, and relationships. It helps in identifying useful insights, detecting anomalies or unusual behaviour, and making the data easier to interpret through data visualisation tools such as charts and graphs. This stage also helps in selecting a suitable model for the next stage of the AI Project Cycle.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

stud_name = ['Jessica', 'Peter', 'Alexa', 'James', 'Ram']
marks = [48, 22, 14, 30, 49]

plt.pie(marks, labels=stud_name)
plt.title("Marks of Students")
plt.show()

Output

(a) Ultrasonic sensor
(b) Light sensor
(c) Temperature sensor

Software theft means the unauthorised use of software, whether by copying or modifying it. It is a legal offence and includes activities like illegal downloading, copying, or using pirated software.

Two consequences of software theft are:

1. It results in financial losses for software developers and companies.
2. It is a legal offence and may lead to punishments or legal actions.

sentence = input("Enter a sentence: ")

l = len(sentence)
fc = sentence[0]
lc = sentence[-1]

print("Length of the string:", l)
print("First character:", fc)
print("Last character:", lc)

count = 0
for ch in sentence:
    if ch.isdigit():
        count += 1

print("Total number of digits:", count)

Enter a sentence: Hello123 World45
Length of the string: 16
First character: H
Last character: 5
Total number of digits: 5

The different types of joints in robotics are:

1. Prismatic Joint: A prismatic joint is also known as a sliding or linear joint. It allows the links of a robot to move linearly along an axis without rotating. It is used in applications requiring precise positioning and extension.
2. Revolute Joint: A revolute joint is also known as a rotational or hinge joint. It allows links of a robot to rotate around a fixed axis, providing angular movement similar to a human elbow or knee.
3. Spherical Joint: A spherical joint is also known as a ball-and-socket joint. It allows rotational movement in multiple directions around a single point, providing three degrees of freedom such as pitch, yaw and roll.

Data theft means acquiring someone's personal data, such as financial credentials, intellectual property or confidential documents. This activity could be very harmful for an individual or an organisation.

Any two causes of data theft:

1. Hacking – using someone else's computer, software, or network in an unauthorised manner to steal data.

2. Malware – harmful software that can enter a system and steal personal information.

lst = [12, 45, 7, 23, 89, 34, 56, 90, 11, 5]

second_index = lst[2]
fourth_index = lst[4]

print("Element at 2nd index:", second_index)

print("Element at 4th index:", fourth_index)

lst.sort()

print("Sorted list:")
print(lst)

num = int(input("Enter a number to search: "))

if num in lst:
    print("Number exists in the list")
else:
    print("Number does not exist in the list")

Element at 2nd index: 7
Element at 4th index: 89
Sorted list:
[5, 7, 11, 12, 23, 34, 45, 56, 89, 90]
Enter a number to search: 23
Number exists in the list

Role of Controller in a Robotic System:

A controller is the main part of a robotic system that manages and controls the overall functioning of the robot. It processes the input received and gives instructions to perform specific tasks.

Working with Sensors and Actuators:

• Sensors collect data from the environment and send it to the controller.
• The controller processes this data and makes decisions.
• It then sends signals to the actuators.
• Actuators carry out the action as instructed by the controller (like movement or operation).

Thus, the controller acts as a link between sensors and actuators, ensuring proper functioning of the robotic system.

Supervised learning is a type of machine learning in which the model is trained using a labelled dataset, where both the input data and the correct output are known.
The data is divided into training data and test data. The training data is used to train the model, while the test data is used to check how accurately the model predicts the output for new data.
In supervised learning, the model learns from known results and then predicts the correct output for unseen inputs with good accuracy.

tup = (12, 27, 30, 47, 55, 49)

lst = list(tup)

lst.remove(30)

lst.append([5, 25])

lst.insert(3, 11)

print("List after operations:")
print(lst)

tup2 = tuple(lst)

print("Converted tuple:")
print(tup2)

List after operations:
[12, 27, 47, 11, 55, 49, [5, 25]]
Converted tuple:
(12, 27, 47, 11, 55, 49, [5, 25])

Tinkercad is a user-friendly, web-based design and modelling tool primarily used for 3D design, electronics and coding projects.

Two features of the Tinkercad workspace are:

1. It provides an easy-to-use drag-and-drop interface for creating 3D models.
2. It allows simulation of electronic circuits and robotic components.

Three different ways to represent data to gather meaningful information are:

1. Bar Graph: Used to compare quantities across different categories using rectangular bars. It helps in easily identifying differences and trends.
2. Pie Chart: Represents data as parts of a whole in a circular form. It is useful for showing percentage distribution.
3. Line Graph: Displays data points connected by lines, mainly used to show changes or trends over time.

s = "Machine Learning"

lower_s = s.lower()
print("Lowercase string:", lower_s)

replaced_s = s.replace("Machine", "Deep")
print("After replacement:", replaced_s)

ends = s.endswith("Learning")
print("Ends with 'Learning':", ends)

count_n = s.count('n')
print("Number of occurrences of 'n':", count_n)

Lowercase string: machine learning
After replacement: Deep Learning
Ends with 'Learning': True
Number of occurrences of 'n': 3