ICSE Class 10 History & Civics — All Questions

P and R

Reason — The Rajya Sabha has the exclusive power to declare, by a resolution supported by not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting, that it is necessary in the national interest to create a new All India Service. It is also a permanent House and cannot be dissolved as a whole; one-third of its members retire every two years.

The Parliament

Reason — The Parliament has the power to alter the boundaries or names of existing States and to form new States or Union Territories. Therefore, changes relating to the reorganisation shown in the headline are made by Parliament through the prescribed legislative procedure.

Deputy Ministers

Reason — The Cabinet is a small body of senior leaders who hold important portfolios and form the nucleus of the administration, that is, the inner core of the Council of Ministers. Deputy Ministers form the third and lowest category of Ministers. They are junior ministers placed under senior ministers whom they assist, and they take no part in Cabinet deliberations.

The ministers work together like a team.

Reason — The picture shows a group of people jointly fitting together the pieces of a single puzzle. This illustrates the principle of collective responsibility, under which all Ministers jointly share the responsibility for the government's policies and performance, and must function as a team in supporting and defending government policies inside as well as outside Parliament.

President

Reason — The Ministers are individually responsible to the President, that is, they hold office during the pleasure of the President and may be dismissed by him/her on the advice of the Prime Minister, even when they enjoy the confidence of the Legislature. It is collective responsibility, and not individual responsibility, that is owed to the Lok Sabha.

Habeas Corpus

Reason — Habeas Corpus means 'to have the body'. By issuing this writ, the Supreme Court or a High Court can get the body of a person produced before it and order his release if he has been unlawfully detained. It is thus a great safeguard for the personal freedom of a citizen, which is exactly the relief sought by Ravi's parents.

Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Explanation — Both statements are true. The Muslim League was formed in 1906, whereas the Congress split took place at the Surat Session in 1907. Therefore, the Congress split cannot be the reason for the formation of the Muslim League.

3-1-2

Reason — The Simon Commission was appointed in 1927 and arrived in India in 1928, the Dandi March took place in 1930, and the Second Round Table Conference was held in 1931. Hence, the correct chronology is 3-1-2.

Write a letter to the welfare association highlighting the problem

Reason — The Early Nationalists followed the method of Constitutional Agitation. They made use of the three P's — Petitions, Prayers and Protests — and sent memorandums and petitions to the authorities, working peacefully within the legal framework. Writing a letter to the welfare association matches this approach, whereas fighting or boycott were methods they did not approve of.

1-B, 2-C, 3-A

Reason — Militarism made military strength synonymous with national prestige, so every country began to increase her military power and glorify it. The Alliance System divided Europe into two hostile groups — the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente. Nationalism, in its extreme form, meant intense pride in one's own nation and the belief that one's country is superior to others.

UNESCO

Reason — The picture speaks of the importance of restoring historical monuments. UNESCO provides technical advice, assistance, equipment and funds for the preservation of monuments and other works of art, and has prepared a World Heritage List to identify the monuments and sites which are to be protected. UNICEF works for the welfare of children, WHO for health and UNDP for development.

Dadabhai Naoroji

Reason — Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai were the leaders of Assertive Nationalism, who believed in aggressively demanding political rights. Dadabhai Naoroji, the 'Grand Old Man of India', was an Early Nationalist who believed that the British were basically just and good and relied on constitutional methods.

Sarajevo Crisis

Reason — The description refers to the First World War. Nationalism, imperialism and the division of Europe into rival alliances were its long term causes. Its immediate cause was the Sarajevo Crisis — the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand at Sarajevo on June 28, 1914 by the secret society 'Black Hand', after which Austria declared war on Serbia.

Japan

Reason — Veto power is enjoyed by the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. Japan is not a permanent member of the Security Council and therefore does not possess veto power.

Jyotiba Phule – Women's Education

Reason — Jyotiba Phule was a strong advocate for the education of women and the upliftment of lower castes. He and his wife, Savitribai Phule, were pioneers in setting up schools for girls in 19th-century Maharashtra.

Subhash Chandra Bose

Reason — After resigning from the Presidentship of the Congress in 1939, Subhash Chandra Bose laid the foundation of the Forward Bloc on May 3, 1939 to bring the entire left wing under one banner. 'Delhi Chalo' was the stirring call he later gave to the soldiers of the Indian National Army. Both are therefore associated with him.

In India, the Supreme Court can exercise advisory jurisdiction under Article 143 of the Constitution. This means that:

1. The Supreme Court can give its opinion on any question of law or fact of public importance as may be referred to it for consideration by the President.
2. The opinion given by the Supreme Court in such a case is purely advisory and is not binding on the President.

(a) Appointment of Cabinet ministers — Executive power.

(b) Approval of a Money Bill — Financial power.

The Mountbatten Plan was accepted by the Congress because of the following two key reasons:

1. Large-Scale Communal Riots — The large-scale communal riots that engulfed the whole country convinced the Congress leaders that the only solution to the communal problem lay in the Partition of India.
2. Avoidance of Civil War — The leaders felt that any further delay in the transfer of power could lead to a civil war in India. They believed that it was better to have a smaller India with a strong central authority than a larger State with a weak Centre.

As an artisan in 1856, I would have been affected in the following ways:

1. Cheap machine-made British goods were imported into India, while Indian goods faced heavy duties in England. This reduced the demand for Indian handicrafts and caused artisans to lose their livelihood.
2. The annexation of Indian States led to the disappearance of royal courts and nobles who had traditionally patronised artisans. This further reduced employment and income for craftsmen.

The leader seen in the picture is Bipin Chandra Pal, an Assertive Nationalist known as the 'Father of the Revolutionary Thought in India'.

One key contribution of Bipin Chandra Pal:

• Role as a Journalist: He worked for the Bengal Public Opinion, The Tribune and New India to propagate his brand of nationalism. The British Government found his writings seditious, and he was arrested and sentenced to six months' imprisonment.

Two objectives of the League of Nations were:

1. All States were to refer their mutual disputes, if any, to the League of Nations for a peaceful settlement.
2. The member-States were to take necessary action as directed by the League against any State which tried to disturb world peace and order.

Two ideologies of the dictators were:

1. They believed in one-party, one-leader totalitarian rule.
2. They believed in aggressive nationalism and regarded the State as supreme over individual rights.

(i) The Lok Sabha has special powers which make it more powerful than the Rajya Sabha. These special powers are:

1. A Motion of No-Confidence against the government can be introduced and passed only in the Lok Sabha. If it is passed, the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers resign collectively. The Rajya Sabha cannot remove the Council of Ministers through such a motion.
2. A Money Bill can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha cannot reject or amend it and can only make recommendations within 14 days.
3. In case of a deadlock between the two Houses over an Ordinary Bill, the decision of the Lok Sabha normally prevails in a joint sitting because of its greater numerical strength.

(ii) The Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who is the Vice-President of India, can adjourn the House or its sitting sine die.

Composition of the Rajya Sabha —
The maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha is 250 members, of whom:

1. 12 members are nominated by the President from among persons having special knowledge or practical experience in literature, science, art and social service.
2. Up to 238 members represent the States and Union Territories. Seats are allocated to the States and Union Territories on the basis of their population.

(iii) Four legislative powers of the Union Parliament are:

1. Matters in the Union List — Parliament has exclusive power to make laws on subjects in the Union List, such as Defence, Banking, Communications and Foreign Affairs.
2. Matters in the Concurrent List — Parliament and the State Legislatures can both make laws on subjects in the Concurrent List. In case of a conflict, the Union law generally prevails.
3. Residuary Powers — Parliament can make laws on subjects that are not included in the Union, State or Concurrent Lists.
4. Matters in the State List under special circumstances — Parliament can legislate on subjects in the State List during a National Emergency, when the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by a two-thirds majority in the national interest, or when two or more States request Parliament to make a law on a State subject.

(i) Three legislative powers of the President which justify his/her nominal position are:

1. Dissolve the Lok Sabha: He/She can dissolve the Lok Sabha and order fresh elections.

2. Assent to Bills: Once a Bill is passed by both the Houses, it is sent to the President for his/her approval. The President may give his/her assent, or withhold the Bill or send it back to the House concerned with recommendations. If the same bill is passed again, the President has to give his/her assent.

3. Promulgate Ordinances: The President can promulgate an Ordinance when immediate action is necessary and both Houses of Parliament are not simultaneously in session. An Ordinance may also be issued when one House is in session. It has the same force as an Act of Parliament and must be laid before both Houses when Parliament reassembles. It ceases to operate six weeks after reassembly unless approved by Parliament.

(ii) Three financial powers of the President are:

1. Money Bills can be introduced only on the recommendation of the President.

2. The President can authorise withdrawal of advances from the Contingency Fund of India to meet unforeseen expenditure. Such expenditure should be subsequently approved by Parliament.

3. Every five years, the President appoints a Finance Commission comprising a Chairman and four other members to give recommendations on financial matters.

(iii) PROCEDURE FOR IMPEACHMENT OF THE PRESIDENT

1. In case of violation of the Constitution or grave misconduct, either House may frame charges against the President as follows:

   1. Resolution which is moved after at least fourteen days' notice in writing signed by not less than one-fourth of the total number of members of the House; and
   2. The resolution is passed by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the total membership of the House.

2. The other House investigates the charges and the President has the right to appear and to be represented at such an investigation.

3. If the President is found guilty, a resolution is passed by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the total membership of the investigating House, and the President is removed from his/her office.

(i) Original Jurisdiction means the power to hear and decide cases at the first instance. Three such cases before a High Court are:

1. Matters relating to State revenue and its collection.
2. Cases regarding wills, divorce, marriage, company law and contempt of court, which may be brought before the High Court directly.
3. Election petitions challenging the election of Members of Parliament, of a State Legislative Assembly or of other local bodies.

(ii) The Judges of a High Court are appointed by the President of India. The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed in consultation with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Governor of the concerned State.

Two qualifications required for appointment as a Judge of a High Court are:

1. He/She should be a citizen of India and should not be over 62 years of age.
2. He/She should have held a judicial office in the territory of India for at least ten years, or should have been an advocate of a High Court for at least ten years.

(iii) Lok Adalat means 'People's Court'. It is an alternative dispute redressal mechanism where cases pending in a court of law, or at the pre-litigation stage, are settled amicably. It brings justice to the doorstep of the common man in the following ways:

1. Spirit of compromise — Lok Adalats settle family feuds, disputes between neighbours and minor cases of assault and injury through compromise and understanding, so that both the parties feel satisfied.
2. Speedy and inexpensive justice — There is no court fee. Any person can move a Lok Adalat by an application on plain paper and expect quick justice.
3. Relief to other courts — They reduce the workload of the regular courts, enabling them to deal with more serious matters, and thus reduce delays in the higher courts.
4. Social justice — They provide legal aid and quick justice to the weaker sections of society who cannot afford the delay or the cost involved in ordinary court procedures. Mobile Lok Adalats travel from one place to another to resolve petty cases and spread legal awareness.

(i) The immediate cause of the rebellion was the introduction of the Enfield rifle.

1. In 1856, the British decided to replace the old musket by the new Enfield rifle, the loading of which involved biting off the top greased paper of the cartridge with the teeth.
2. In January 1857, a rumour spread in the Bengal regiments that the grease used on the cartridges contained the fat of the cow and the pig.
3. Since the cow is sacred to the Hindus and the pig is a taboo to the Muslims, the sepoys were convinced that this was a deliberate move to defile their religions. They refused to use the cartridges and staged an uprising when they were forced to use them.

(ii) Three socio-religious causes of the Revolt of 1857 were:

1. Interference with social customs — Reforms such as the Abolition of Sati (1829), the Widow Remarriage Act (1856) and the opening of Western education to girls were introduced without considering the feelings of the people, and were not welcomed by the masses.
2. Apprehensions about modern innovations — People were suspicious of the railways and the telegraph. There were rumours that telegraph poles were erected to hang those who opposed British rule, and orthodox Indians resented that in railway compartments the higher and the lower castes had to sit side by side.
3. Activities of the missionaries — The Charter Act of 1813 led to an increase in the number and activities of Christian missionaries. The Indians began to feel that the Government was supporting the missionaries in order to convert them to Christianity.

(iii) The Subsidiary Alliance was introduced by Lord Wellesley. Under this system, the Indian rulers who agreed to it:

1. Accepted the British as the supreme power.
2. Surrendered their foreign relations to the East India Company and agreed that they would not enter into any alliance with any other power and would not wage wars.
3. Accepted a British Resident at their headquarters and agreed not to employ any European in their service without consulting the Company.
4. Agreed to maintain British troops at their own cost.

In this manner the Indian States lost their sovereignty and virtually lost their independence, which proved disastrous for them.

(i) The first President of the Indian National Congress was W.C. Bonnerjee. Two objectives of the Congress are given below:

1. To promote friendly relations between nationalist political workers from different parts of the country.
2. To formulate popular demands and present them before the government.

(ii) The press played an important role in the growth of nationalism in the following ways:

1. It was through the press that the message of patriotism and the modern liberal ideals of liberty, freedom, equality, home rule and independence spread among the people.
2. The press carried on a daily criticism of the unjust policies of the British Government and exposed the true nature of British rule in India.
3. It made possible the exchange of views among different social groups from different parts of the country, and thus helped in creating a united public opinion.

(iii) Four policies of Lord Lytton that reflected his attitude of racial superiority were:

1. The Vernacular Press Act (1878) — It forbade vernacular papers from publishing any material that might incite feelings of dissatisfaction against the British Government. The Act was not applicable to English newspapers.
2. The Indian Arms Act (1878) — It made it a criminal offence for Indians to carry arms without a licence. This Act too was not applicable to the British.
3. Reduction in the age limit for the I.C.S. examination — The maximum age for appearing in the Indian Civil Service examination was reduced from 21 to 19 years. As the examination was held in London, this made it far more difficult for Indians to compete.
4. Removal of import duties on cotton textiles — This was done for the benefit of the British cloth industry at the cost of the growing Indian textile industry.

(i) The march led by Mahatma Gandhi to break the salt law was the Dandi March, which he began from the Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi on the Gujarat coast. This march led to the Civil Disobedience Movement, which was launched in 1930.

(ii) The Civil Disobedience Movement made a considerable impact on the social and political surroundings of the country in the following ways:

1. It widened the base of the freedom struggle, as a large number of social groups like merchants, shopkeepers, peasants, tribals and workers in different parts of the country were mobilised for the national movement.
2. It brought women out of their homes to participate in politics and made them equal partners in the freedom struggle.
3. It improved the social conditions of the depressed classes, who were given entry into temples and access to wells, which was earlier denied to them.

(iii) The movement was suspended by the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, signed in March 1931. Four of its clauses were:

1. The Government agreed to withdraw all ordinances and end prosecutions.
2. The Government agreed to release all political prisoners, except those guilty of violence.
3. The Government agreed to permit the free collection or manufacture of salt by persons near the seacoast.
4. The Congress agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement and to participate in the second session of the Round Table Conference.

(i) Japan was responsible for the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Two consequences of the Second World War were:

1. Defeat of the Axis Powers — Germany, Italy and Japan were defeated, bringing the war to an end.
2. Formation of the United Nations — The United Nations Organisation was established in 1945 to maintain international peace and security and prevent another world war.

(ii) Appeasement meant accepting the hostile demands of an aggressive nation in order to maintain peace. Britain and France followed this policy towards Germany and Italy because they felt that the dictators had genuine grievances against the harsh Treaty of Versailles and that satisfying these grievances would preserve peace. They also wanted to check the spread of Communism and the influence of Soviet Russia. As a result, Germany was allowed to rearm, remilitarise the Rhineland and annex Austria and Czechoslovakia. This encouraged Hitler's aggression and helped lead to the Second World War.

(iii) The unfair Treaty of Versailles led to the rise of dictatorship in Germany. Four clauses of the Treaty of Versailles are:

1. Germany was declared guilty of aggression and had to pay war reparation of 33 billion dollars.
2. The Saar coal mines were given to France for 15 years and the area was to be governed by the League of Nations.
3. The area of the Rhine valley was demilitarised and the German territory west of Rhine was to be occupied by the Allied troops for 15 years.
4. The German Army was restricted to a force of 1,00,000 soldiers and the Navy was limited to 15,000 men and 24 ships. The Air Force and submarines were banned.

(i) Composition of the International Court of Justice —

1. The Court is composed of 15 judges, each of different nationality elected to nine-year terms of office by the United Nations General Assembly and Security Council sitting independently of each other. Elections are held every three years for one-third of the seats, and retiring judges may be re-elected.

2. The Members of the Court do not represent their governments but are independent magistrates. The judges must possess the qualifications required in their respective countries for appointment to the highest judicial offices, or be jurists of recognised competence in international law. The composition of the Court has also to reflect the main forms of civilisation and the principal legal systems of the world.

3. The Court elects its President and Vice-President for a three-year term. They may, when their term expires, be re-elected. The Court has the power to appoint its Registrar.

(ii) Three functions of the General Assembly are:

1. To consider and make recommendations on the principles of cooperation, in the maintenance of international peace and security.
2. To consider and approve the budget of the United Nations and to apportion the contributions among members.
3. To elect the non-permanent members of the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council and the Trusteeship Council, and to elect the judges of the International Court of Justice.

(iii) The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is the agency authorised to give the intangible cultural heritage tag.
Three contributions of UNESCO in the preservation of culture are:

1. UNESCO provides technical advice and assistance, equipment and funds for the preservation of monuments and other works of art. It has prepared a World Heritage List to identify the monuments and sites which are to be protected.
2. It aims to protect the world inheritance of books, works of art and rare manuscripts.
3. It gives encouragement to artistic creations in literature and fine arts.

Original

Reason — Matters relating to State revenue and its collection fall under the Original Jurisdiction of the High Court, as such cases can be heard and decided by it in the first instance.

Budget Session

Reason — The picture symbolises the finances of the country. The Union Budget, containing the estimates of receipts and expenditure of the Government for a financial year, is introduced and considered during the Budget Session of Parliament.

Z

Reason — To be eligible for election as Vice-President, a person must be a citizen of India, must have completed 35 years of age, must be qualified for election as a member of the Rajya Sabha and must not hold any office of profit under the government. W (30 years), X (25 years) and Y (34 years) are all below the required age of 35 years. Z, aged 69 and retired, fulfils the age criterion and holds no office of profit. Hence, only Z is eligible.

The Governor

Reason — The headline refers to President's Rule, which is proclaimed when there is a breakdown of the constitutional machinery in a State. On receipt of a report from the Governor of the State, if the President is satisfied that the governance of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, he/she declares an emergency in that State. The President proclaims the rule but does not recommend it, while the Vice-President and the Chief Justice of India have no role in it.

Habeas Corpus

Reason — Habeas Corpus means 'to have the body'. By issuing this writ, the High Court can order that a person who has been unlawfully detained be produced before it and released. It is therefore a safeguard for the personal freedom of a citizen.

P and Q

Reason — The 104th Constitutional Amendment Act (2020) did away with the nomination of Anglo-Indians, so the Lok Sabha now has no nominated members. Hence P is correct and R is wrong. During the proclamation of an emergency, the term of the Lok Sabha may be extended by Parliament for one year at a time, so Q is correct. The Lok Sabha is dissolved by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister and not by the Speaker, so S is wrong.

Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Explanation — By the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was divided into two parts to give Poland a land-route to the sea and the Port of Danzig was given to Poland. As Danzig was inhabited mainly by Germans, Hitler invaded Poland in September 1939 to regain these lost territories. So (A) is true. Poland was also accused of committing atrocities against the Germans living there, so (R) is true as well. However, this accusation was a separate excuse put forward by Hitler and does not explain his aim of capturing the Danzig Port.

3-2-1

Reason — The All-India Muslim League was established on December 30, 1906, the Surat Split took place in 1907 and the Lucknow Pact was signed in 1916.

Japan

Reason — The Triple Entente consisted of France, Russia and Britain. Japan was not a member of the Triple Entente, although it later fought on the Allied side during the First World War.

Forcibly prevent workers sent by the Government.

Reason — The Early Nationalists followed Constitutional Agitation and relied on peaceful and lawful methods such as petitions, prayers, protests, meetings and the press. Forcibly preventing the workers would therefore be contrary to the methods followed by them.

Pretext of misgovernance

Reason — The area marked on the map is Awadh. In 1856, Lord Dalhousie annexed Awadh to the Company's dominions on the pretext of alleged misrule. He declared that Awadh was being misgoverned and that British rule was needed to ensure proper administration.

Subsidiary Alliance – Lord Wellesley

Reason — The Subsidiary Alliance was introduced in India by Lord Wellesley, so this pair is correct. The Doctrine of Lapse was applied by Lord Dalhousie and not by Lord Canning, while the Arms Act and the Vernacular Press Act (both 1878) were passed by Lord Lytton and not by Lord Curzon or Lord Dalhousie.

Formation of the League of Nations

Reason — The League of Nations was established after the First World War. The defeat of the Axis Powers, the formation of the United Nations and the beginning of the Cold War were consequences of the Second World War.

Dadabhai Naoroji

Reason — The second session of the Indian National Congress was held at Kolkata in 1886 under the Presidentship of Dadabhai Naoroji, an Early Nationalist leader. Gopal Krishna Gokhale was also an Early Nationalist but did not preside over this session, while Bipin Chandra Pal and Lokmanya Tilak were Assertive Nationalists.

The Security Council

Reason — The cartoon shows the veto power. The Security Council has five permanent members and the negative vote of any one of them is called a veto. The Council is powerless to act if any permanent member uses this power. The General Assembly, the International Court of Justice and the Trusteeship Council do not have permanent members enjoying such a power.

15

Reason — The International Court of Justice is composed of 15 judges, each of a different nationality, elected for a term of nine years by the General Assembly and the Security Council sitting independently of each other. Elections are held every three years for one-third of the seats.

Two reasons for the indirect election of the President are:

1. If the President were to be elected directly by the people, he/she could become a rival centre of power to the Council of Ministers. This would go against the parliamentary system of government based on ministerial responsibility.
2. If the President were elected only by the members of Parliament, he/she might become a nominee of the ruling party like the Prime Minister and would not adequately represent the States of the Union. Election through an Electoral College of elected MPs and MLAs ensures that the President represents the entire nation, including the States.

As a soldier of the Indian National Army, two of our main objectives were:

1. To organise an armed revolution and to fight the British army with modern arms.
2. To organise a Provisional Government of Free India so that all the forces could be mobilised effectively for the liberation of the country.

The map shows the Partition of Bengal, which took place in the year 1905.

Lord Curzon, the then Viceroy of India, was responsible for this Partition.

Two objectives of the Muslim League were:

1. To promote among the Muslims of India support for the British government and to remove any misconceptions regarding the intentions of the government in relation to Indian Muslims.
2. To protect and advance the political rights and interests of the Muslims and to represent their needs and aspirations to the government in mild and moderate language.

Two ways in which UNESCO works towards the preservation of cultural heritage are:

1. It provides technical advice and assistance, equipment and funds for the preservation of monuments and other works of art. It has also prepared a World Heritage List to identify the monuments and sites which are to be protected.
2. It aims to protect the world inheritance of books, works of art and rare manuscripts, and gives encouragement to artistic creations in literature and fine arts.

Two causes of the Second World War were:

1. Dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles — Its harsh and humiliating terms created resentment and a desire for revenge in Germany.
2. Rise of Fascism and Nazism — Extreme nationalism under Mussolini and Hitler resulted in aggressive and expansionist policies.

The President can promulgate an Ordinance when Parliament is not in session and circumstances make it necessary to take immediate action.

An Ordinance must be laid before Parliament when it reassembles. It becomes inoperative six weeks after the reassembly of Parliament, unless it is approved by Parliament before that period.

(i) The two Houses of Parliament enjoy equal power and status in the following matters:

1. Legislative Powers — All Bills other than Money Bills may originate in either House, and no Bill can become a law unless it is passed by both the Houses.
2. Judicial Powers — Both Houses have equal powers in the impeachment of the President and in the removal of the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts. Impeachment can be initiated in either House and the other House has an equal say in the judgement.
3. Amendment of the Constitution — An amendment must be passed by each House by a majority of its total membership and by a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting.

(ii) The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States, in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote. The representatives of the Union Territories are chosen in such a manner as Parliament may prescribe.

Two exclusive powers of the Rajya Sabha are:

1. The Rajya Sabha may, by a resolution supported by not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting, declare that Parliament should make laws on a matter in the State List in the national interest. This resolution can be passed only by the Rajya Sabha.
2. The Rajya Sabha may similarly declare, by a two-thirds majority, that it is necessary in the national interest to create a new All-India Service, after which Parliament may create such a service.

(iii) Parliament exercises control over the Executive in the following ways:

1. Interpellation — Devices such as the Question Hour, Calling Attention Notices and Half-an-Hour Discussion enable members to seek information from the government about its policies and performance.
2. Vote of No-Confidence — The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. If a No-Confidence Motion is passed, the government has to resign.
3. Other Motions of Censure — An Adjournment Motion, a censure motion against a minister, the rejection of a Government Bill or the passing of a private member's Bill against the wishes of the Government all amount to no-confidence in the government.
4. Monetary Control — During the budget session a cut motion may be moved. The Parliamentary Committee on Public Accounts examines the reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India and ensures that public money is spent in accordance with Parliament's decisions.

(i) The Cabinet Ministers are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister selects his/her senior and trustworthy colleagues and advises the President to appoint them.

The other two categories of the Council of Ministers are Ministers of State and Deputy Ministers.

(ii) Under Article 75(3) of the Constitution, the Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. The principle of collective responsibility implies the following:

1. The decisions taken in the meetings of the Cabinet are equally applicable to all the Ministers, even though they may differ among themselves on a particular policy.
2. All Ministers jointly share the responsibility for the government's policies and performance. They must function as a team in supporting and defending government policies inside as well as outside Parliament.
3. A Vote of No-Confidence against one Minister is a vote against the whole Ministry. A Ministry that has lost the confidence of the Lok Sabha has to resign.

(iii) The Prime Minister is central to the life of the Cabinet because of the following powers:

1. Leader of the Cabinet — The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet. The Constitution makes no provision for the appointment of different categories of Ministers, so it is the Prime Minister who decides these matters.
2. Power to Select and Dismiss Ministers — The Prime Minister chooses the Ministers and recommends their names to the President. He/She can also ask an erring Minister to resign.
3. Power to Allocate Portfolios and Reshuffle the Council of Ministers — It is the Prime Minister who allocates departments or portfolios to the Ministers and he/she can reshuffle the Council of Ministers whenever he/she pleases.
4. Power to Direct and Coordinate Policy — The Prime Minister coordinates the working of the various departments so that administration is carried on smoothly. Moreover, the Prime Minister's resignation implies the resignation of the whole Cabinet.

(i) A Judge of the Supreme Court holds office until he/she attains the age of 65 years.

Two qualifications required for a person to be appointed as a Judge of the Supreme Court are — he/she must be a citizen of India, and:

1. He/She should have been a Judge of a High Court, or of two or more such courts in succession, for at least five years; or
2. He/She should have been an advocate of a High Court, or of two or more such courts in succession, for at least ten years.

(ii) The Constitution ensures the independence of the Judiciary in the following ways:

1. Security of Tenure — A Judge remains in office till the age of 65 years and can be removed by the President only on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity, through the difficult process of impeachment.
2. Security of Salaries and Service Conditions — The salaries and allowances of the Judges are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India and are not subject to the vote of Parliament. They cannot be changed to the disadvantage of the Judges during their term of office.
3. Prohibition of Practice after Retirement — The Judges are not allowed to practise after their retirement, so that they are not obliged during their tenure to any prospective employer and cannot influence their former colleagues.

(iii)
(a) Advisory Jurisdiction — The Supreme Court has the power to give its opinion on any question of law or fact of public importance which is referred to it by the President of India. Such an opinion is only advisory; it is not binding on the government, nor is it executable as a judgement of the Supreme Court.

(b) Judicial Review — The Supreme Court has the power to review the laws passed by the Union or the State legislatures and the orders of the executive. It can declare a law 'ultra vires', i.e., null and void, if it goes against the letter and spirit of the Constitution or contravenes any of its provisions.

(i) The General Service Enlistment Act was passed by the British Parliament in 1856. According to this Act, Indian soldiers could be sent overseas on duty.

The soldiers were unhappy with it because, according to traditional belief, crossing the seas was a taboo, especially for a Brahmin. The Act did not take into account the religious sentiments of the Indian soldiers. The Brahmin soldiers saw in it a danger to their caste, and this led to a strong feeling of resentment among them.

(ii) In 1856, the British authorities decided to replace the old-fashioned musket, called the Brown Bess, with the new Enfield rifle. The loading process of the Enfield rifle involved bringing the cartridge to the mouth and biting off the top greased paper with the teeth.

In January 1857, a rumour spread in the Bengal regiments that the greased cartridge contained the fat of the cow and the pig. As the cow is sacred to the Hindus and the pig is a taboo for the Muslims, the sepoys were convinced that the introduction of the greased cartridges was a deliberate move to defile Hindu and Muslim religions. Both Hindu and Muslim soldiers refused to use these cartridges and staged an uprising when they were forced to use them. Thus, it became the immediate cause of the Revolt.

(iii) Four changes made in the Indian army after the Revolt were:

1. The strength of European troops in India was increased and the ratio of European to Indian troops was fixed at 1:2 in the Bengal army and 2:5 in the Madras and Bombay armies. The general principle adopted was that the number of Indian sepoys should not exceed twice that of the European troops.
2. European troops were kept in key geographical and military positions.
3. Sophisticated weapons and ammunition were never placed under the charge of Indians, and all Indian artillery units, with the exception of a few mountain units, were disbanded.
4. Newspapers, journals and nationalist publications were prevented from reaching the soldiers, so as to keep the Indian army separated from the life of the rest of the population.

(i) The Khilafat Movement was launched in India by the Ali Brothers — Maulana Mohammed Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali.

Two other causes of the Non-Cooperation Movement were:

1. The Rowlatt Act (1919) — This Act authorised the Government to arrest a person without a warrant, hold trials in seclusion and imprison a person without trial. It came as a sudden blow to the Indians who were expecting self-governance.
2. The Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy — On April 13, 1919, General Dyer ordered his troops to fire on a large but peaceful crowd gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar. About a thousand innocent people were killed. The British government further refused to annul the Rowlatt Act or make amends for the atrocities in Punjab.

(ii) The Non-Cooperation Movement made a deep impact in the following ways:

1. The National Movement Became a Mass Movement — For the first time in history, the national movement acquired a real mass base, with the participation of peasants, workers, students, teachers and women.
2. It Instilled Confidence Among the People — The movement generated a desire for freedom and gave the people a new sense of self-confidence and self-esteem to openly defy the foreign rulers.
3. It Fostered Hindu-Muslim Unity — The merger of the Khilafat issue with the Non-Cooperation Movement brought Hindus and Muslims together in the national struggle.

(iii) Four clauses of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, signed in March 1931, were:

1. The Government agreed to withdraw all ordinances and end prosecutions.
2. The Government agreed to release all political prisoners, except those guilty of violence.
3. The Government agreed to permit the free collection or manufacture of salt by persons living near the seacoast.
4. The Congress agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement.

(i) The Viceroy referred to in the passage is Lord Mountbatten.

Two terms of his plan with reference to the Princely States were:

1. The treaties which the British had made with the Princely States would come to an end, i.e., British paramountcy over them would lapse.
2. The Princely States would be free to associate themselves with either of the two Dominions — India or Pakistan — or to remain independent.

(ii) Three reasons given by the Congress to justify the acceptance of the Mountbatten Plan were:

1. The large-scale communal riots that engulfed the whole country convinced the leaders that the only solution to the communal problem lay in the Partition of India.
2. The Muslim League had joined the Interim Government to obstruct and not to cooperate. The experience of working with the League had convinced the Congress that it could not have a joint administration with it.
3. The only alternative to Partition was a federation with a weak Centre. The leaders felt that a smaller India with a strong central authority was better than a bigger State with a weak Centre, and that any further delay in the transfer of power could find India in the midst of a civil war.

(iii) Four provisions of the Indian Independence Act, 1947 were:

1. Two New Dominions — India would be partitioned and two independent Dominions, India and Pakistan, would be created from August 15, 1947. The exact boundaries of the two Dominions would be determined by a Boundary Commission.
2. Governor-General for Each Dominion — There would be a Governor-General for each Dominion, appointed by the British King on the advice of the Cabinet of the concerned Dominion. This arrangement would work till the framing of the Constitutions.
3. Constituent Assemblies to Serve as Central Legislatures — The Constituent Assemblies of both the Dominions were to act as the Central Legislatures with full powers to make laws for their respective Dominions, and would act as sovereign bodies for legislative purposes.
4. End of the Jurisdiction of the British Parliament — The legislative authority of the British Parliament would cease from August 15, 1947, and the British monarch would give up the use of the title 'Emperor of India'.

(i) The immediate cause of the First World War was the Sarajevo Crisis. Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated at Sarajevo on June 28, 1914. Austria served an ultimatum on Serbia, and when Serbia did not accept all its demands, Austria declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914. The alliance system soon drew the other European powers into the war.

(ii)
(a) The war reparation imposed on Germany was fixed at 33 billion US dollars.

(b) Two ways in which France benefitted from the Treaty were:

1. Germany lost Alsace-Lorraine to France.
2. The coal mines in the German area called Saar were ceded to France for 15 years, the area itself being governed by the League of Nations.

(iii) The two dictators who rose in Europe after this war were Benito Mussolini in Italy and Adolf Hitler in Germany.

Two common causes for the rise of dictatorship were:

1. Discontentment after the Treaty of Versailles — Italy did not receive the territories she had hoped for, while Germany was humiliated by the harsh terms of the Treaty. This bitterness gave rise to a spirit of revenge and aggressive nationalism in both countries.
2. Economic Crisis — Both countries suffered heavy losses of life and property in the First World War. Trade and commerce were ruined, leading to large-scale unemployment and a shortage of food grains. The people therefore looked towards a strong leader who could solve their problems.

(i) Three objectives of the United Nations Organisation are:

1. To maintain international peace and security, and to take collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to peace and for the suppression of acts of aggression.
2. To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of people.
3. To achieve international cooperation in solving international economic, social, cultural or humanitarian problems, and to encourage respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

(ii) The General Assembly is the main deliberative organ of the United Nations, as is shown by the following functions:

1. It discusses any question relating to international peace and security and, except where the dispute is currently being discussed by the Security Council, makes recommendations on it.
2. It discusses and makes recommendations on any question within the scope of the Charter or affecting the powers and functions of any organ of the United Nations.
3. It considers and makes recommendations on the principles of cooperation in the maintenance of international peace and security, and initiates studies to promote international political, social and economic cooperation.

(iii)
(a) Two architects of the Non-Aligned Movement were Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru of India and President Joseph Broz Tito of Yugoslavia. (President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt was the third founding father.)

(b) Two objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement were:

1. To oppose colonialism, imperialism and racial discrimination, and to protect the newly won freedom of the independent countries of Asia and Africa from colonial domination.
2. To advocate the peaceful settlement of international disputes and to oppose the use of force and of nuclear weapons.

criminal

Reason — The Sessions Court belongs to the criminal courts of the district. The same judge is called the District Judge when he decides civil cases and the Sessions Judge when he decides criminal cases. Cases relating to land, property, money transactions, marriage and divorce go to the civil courts, while the assessment and collection of land revenue is dealt with by the courts of revenue.

February-May

Reason — The picture refers to the Budget, which is passed during the Budget session held from February to May. Of the three sessions normally held each year, the Monsoon session is conducted in July-August and the Winter session in November-December.

Z

Reason — A member of the Rajya Sabha must be an Indian citizen, must be at least 30 years of age and must not hold any office of profit under the government. Z, aged 59, satisfies all these conditions. W is disqualified because he holds an office of profit, while X and Y are both below the minimum age of 30 years.

General Emergency

Reason — A National or General Emergency is declared when the security of India or a part of it is threatened by war, external aggression or armed rebellion. It is different from an Emergency caused by the failure of constitutional machinery in a State.

P and R

Reason — Normally there are three sessions of Parliament in a year — the Budget, the Monsoon and the Winter Session — and each House must meet at least twice a year. Q is incorrect because the interval between two consecutive sessions must not be more than six months. S is incorrect because meeting three times a year is the usual practice and not a constitutional requirement.

62

Reason — A judge of a High Court enjoys security of tenure and can remain in office till he/she attains the age of 62 years. Neither an additional nor an acting judge can hold office beyond this age. The age of 65 years is the retirement age for a judge of the Supreme Court.

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Explanation — At Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur district, on February 4, 1922, a procession of peasants was fired upon by the police. The infuriated demonstrators set the police station on fire, killing 22 policemen. Gandhiji, a firm believer in Ahimsa, was greatly shocked and called off the whole movement on February 12, 1922. The violence at Chauri Chaura was therefore the direct reason for the suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Austria

Reason — Germany, Italy and Japan formed the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis and were known as the Axis Powers during the Second World War. Austria was not a member of the Axis Powers; it was annexed by Germany in 1938.

1-3-2

Reason — Awadh was annexed by the British on the pretext of misrule in 1856, the Indian National Congress was formed in 1885, and the Cabinet Mission came to India with its proposals in 1946.

UNESCO

Reason — The picture shows the Sanchi Stupa, a site of cultural heritage. UNESCO prepares the World Heritage List to identify monuments and sites that are to be protected, and provides technical advice, assistance, equipment and funds for their preservation.

Swadeshi and Boycott

Reason — Swadeshi encouraged the use of goods produced in India, while Boycott meant refusing to buy foreign goods. Anita follows both principles by promoting homemade goods and asking people to stop buying foreign cloth.

Nehru – Non-Aligned Movement

Reason — Jawaharlal Nehru was one of the architects and leading advocates of the Non-Aligned Movement. The Indian National Army is associated with Subhas Chandra Bose, the last Viceroy of India was Lord Mountbatten, and the League of Nations was formed after the First World War.

Gopal Krishna Gokhale

Reason — Gopal Krishna Gokhale was an Early Nationalist and Gandhiji regarded him as his political mentor. Lala Lajpat Rai was an Assertive Nationalist, W. C. Bonnerjee was the first President of the Congress, and A. O. Hume was the founder of the Indian National Congress.

Germany

Reason — Germany entered into an alliance with Austria-Hungary, and in 1882 Italy joined it, forming the Triple Alliance. France, Russia and England came together in the Triple Entente in 1907 to counter this alliance.

9 years

Reason — The picture shows the International Court of Justice, which is composed of 15 judges elected to nine-year terms of office by the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council sitting independently of each other. Elections are held every three years for one-third of the seats, and retiring judges may be re-elected.

All member nations

Reason — All members of the United Nations are members of the General Assembly. Each State has five representatives in the Assembly, but each State has only one vote. It is the Security Council which consists of fifteen members, of whom five are permanent and ten are non-permanent.

Two benefits of the establishment of the Lok Adalat are:

1. Lok Adalats deliver fast and inexpensive justice. There is no court fee payable, and any person can move a Lok Adalat by an application on plain paper and expect speedy justice.
2. Lok Adalats reduce the workload of the other courts, enabling them to deal with more serious matters. This reduces delays in the higher courts.

As a member of the League of Nations in 1920, my country would have to follow these two objectives:

1. All States were to refer their mutual disputes, if any, to the League of Nations for a peaceful settlement.
2. The member-States were to take necessary action as directed by the League against any State which tried to disturb world peace and order.

The statement is explaining the Partition of Bengal, which Lord Curzon justified on the ground of administrative convenience.

It happened in the year 1905.

Two objectives of the Forward Bloc are:

1. Liberation of India with the support of workers, peasants, youth, and other organizations.
2. After independence, establishment of a socialist state through measures such as reorganisation of agriculture and industry on socialist lines and abolition of the Zamindari system.

Two reasons why Hitler wanted to capture the Danzig Port are:

1. The Treaty of Versailles separated Germany from East Prussia by giving Poland a corridor to the Baltic Sea and placed Danzig under a separate arrangement. Hitler wanted to recover the territories lost by Germany.
2. Danzig had a predominantly German population, and Hitler wanted to bring Danzig back under German control.

The leader shown in the image is Dadabhai Naoroji.

He belonged to the Early Nationalists (Moderates) group of the Congress.

A No-Confidence Motion can be moved by a member of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha.

If the motion is passed, the Government loses the confidence of the Lok Sabha and the Prime Minister along with the entire Council of Ministers has to resign.

(i) Quorum — The quorum means the minimum number of members required to be present in the House to enable it to transact its business.

The quorum of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha is one-tenth of the total membership of each House. This means that the House cannot conduct its proceedings and pass Bills and resolutions without the presence of at least one-tenth of its total membership.

If the quorum is not met, the Speaker may adjourn the House or suspend the sitting until there is a requisite quorum.

(ii) Three legislative powers of the Parliament are:

1. Matters in the Union List — The Parliament has exclusive powers to make laws on all the subjects mentioned in the Union List, including important subjects like Defence, Banking, Communications and Foreign Affairs.
2. Matters in the Concurrent List — Along with the State Legislative Assemblies, the Parliament can make laws on subjects listed in the Concurrent List, such as education, forests, adoption, succession and trade unions. If there is a conflict between the two, the Union law prevails.
3. Residuary Powers — The Parliament can make laws with respect to all those matters which are not mentioned in any of the three Lists — the Union List, the State List and the Concurrent List.

(iii) Four exclusive powers of the Lok Sabha are:

1. No-confidence Motion — Motions of No-confidence against the Government can only be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha. If passed by a majority vote, the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers resign collectively.
2. Money Bill — A Money Bill can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha. It is sent to the Rajya Sabha after being passed, and the Rajya Sabha can deliberate on it for up to 14 days.
3. Deadlock over an Ordinary Bill — In case of a deadlock between the two Houses over an Ordinary Bill, a joint sitting may be summoned. At such a sitting, the Lok Sabha normally has an advantage because of its greater numerical strength.
4. Adjournment Motion — An Adjournment Motion indicating strong disapproval of the policy of the Government is moved only in the Lok Sabha. The Council of Ministers is responsible only to the Lok Sabha.

(i) The Cabinet Ministers are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.

Two financial powers of the Cabinet are:

1. Budget — The Finance Minister prepares the Annual Budget containing the estimates of income and expenditure for the ensuing year. Though the budget is passed by Parliament, usually no changes are made in the budget figures against the wishes of the Cabinet.
2. Finances of the Government — The Cabinet is responsible for the expenditure of the government, for presenting the demand for grants and also for raising the necessary income by various means including taxation.

(ii) The ministers are individually responsible to the President.

Individual Responsibility — Each Minister is individually responsible for the functioning of his/her department and is answerable for its acts, omissions and lapses. The Ministers also hold office during the pleasure of the President and may be dismissed by him/her on the advice of the Prime Minister.

(iii) Four functions of the Prime Minister inside the Parliament are:

1. Leader of the Lok Sabha — As the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament, he/she is said to be the leader of the House.
2. Spokesperson of the Government — The Prime Minister is the chief spokesman of the Government in the Parliament and makes all important announcements on national policies on the floor of the House.
3. Defender of Government Policies — The Prime Minister defends the Government in the Parliament. When a policy or a Minister comes under attack, the Prime Minister comes to defend the issue involved.
4. Intervention in case of Controversial Issues — On controversial issues such as the language issue, Centre-State relations or price-rise, if an ugly situation arises in any of the Houses, the matter generally ends with the intervention of the Prime Minister.

(i) The three categories of cases under the Appellate Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court are:

1. Constitutional Cases
2. Civil Cases
3. Criminal Cases

(ii) Three writs issued by the Supreme Court to protect Fundamental Rights are:

1. Habeas Corpus
2. Mandamus
3. Certiorari

(iii) Composition of the Supreme Court — The Supreme Court of India consists of a Chief Justice of India and not more than 33 other judges, until Parliament by law prescribes a larger number of judges.

Court of Record — The Supreme Court is called a Court of Record for the following reasons:

1. Its judgements are recorded for evidence and testimony, and these records are of evidentiary value and cannot be questioned in any court.
2. Its judgements are in the nature of precedents, i.e., the High Courts and other courts are bound to follow them while deciding similar cases.
3. As a Court of Record, it has the power to punish for contempt of court those who disobey its orders or show disrespect to it.

(i) The Subsidiary Alliance was introduced by Lord Wellesley. Under this system, the Indian rulers who agreed to it:

1. Accepted the British as the supreme power.
2. Surrendered their foreign relations to the East India Company and agreed that they would not enter into any alliance with any other power and would not wage wars.
3. Accepted a British Resident at their headquarters and agreed not to employ any European in their service without consulting the Company.

(ii) Three economic causes of the First War of Independence were:

1. Exploitation of Economic Resources — The British made agricultural India an economic colony to serve the interests of industrial England. India was forced to export raw materials such as raw cotton and raw silk at low prices, while British manufactured goods were imported into India duty-free or at nominal duties.
2. Drain of Wealth — After the conquest of Bengal, the British began to purchase raw material for their industries in England out of the revenues of Bengal itself. The transfer of wealth from India to England, for which India got no proportionate economic return, is called the Drain of Wealth.
3. Decay of Cottage Industries and Handicrafts — Heavy duties on Indian silk and cotton textiles in Britain and the import of cheap British manufactured goods into India led to the decline of Indian cottage industries and caused unemployment among artisans.

(iii)
(a) Two changes made in the administration were:

1. The rule of the East India Company came to an end and the Government of India was taken over directly by the Crown through the Government of India Act of 1858. The Company's Board of Control and Court of Directors were abolished.
2. A member of the British Cabinet was appointed Secretary of State for India, assisted by a Council called the Indian Council. The Governor-General was also given the title of Viceroy, and Lord Canning was appointed the first Viceroy under this Act.

(b) Two points of Queen Victoria's Proclamation were:

1. The Government of India would follow a policy of non-intervention in the social and religious matters of Indians.
2. All subjects — Indians and Europeans — would be treated as equals, education and ability being the basis of all appointments.

(i) The movement identified in the passage is the Quit India Movement.

Two causes which led to the movement were:

1. Failure of the Cripps Mission — The Cripps' Mission did not promise independence in the near future and did not propose any immediate transfer of power. Gandhiji described the proposals as a 'post-dated cheque on a failing bank'. Its failure left no further meeting ground between the British Government and the Congress.
2. Japanese Threat — The Japanese Army had attacked Burma and was marching towards Assam. Gandhiji observed that the presence of the British in India was an invitation to Japan to invade India and that their withdrawal would remove the bait.

(ii) Three impacts of the Quit India Movement were:

1. Though the movement was short-lived, its importance lay in the fact that it demonstrated the depth that nationalist feeling had reached in the country and the great capacity for struggle and sacrifice that the people had developed.
2. It became evident that the British would no longer find it possible to rule India against the wishes of the people.
3. It developed into a widespread mass uprising. People from different parts of India and from various communities participated in processions and demonstrations, and people in the Princely States also joined the movement.

(iii) Gandhiji launched the Dandi March to violate the Salt Law. The government had a monopoly over the manufacture and sale of salt, and Gandhiji chose the Salt Law because the salt tax affected all sections of society, especially the poor.

He began the march from the Sabarmati Ashram, from where he marched to Dandi, a village on the Gujarat sea coast.

Two impacts of the Civil Disobedience Movement were:

1. It widened the base of the freedom struggle. A large number of social groups like merchants and shopkeepers, peasants, tribals and workers in different parts of the country were mobilised for the Indian national movement.
2. It brought women out of their homes to participate in politics and to make them equal partners in the freedom struggle.

(i) Three proposals of the Cabinet Mission were:

1. Provincial Autonomy — The Provinces would enjoy full autonomy for all subjects other than the Union Subjects, which were Foreign Affairs, Defence and Communication.
2. Grouping of Provinces — The British Provinces would be divided into three groups — Group A of six Hindu-majority provinces, Group B of three Muslim-majority provinces, and Group C consisting of Bengal and Assam.
3. Formation of a Constituent Assembly — A Constituent Assembly of 389 members would be set up to frame the new Constitution of the Indian Union, of which 296 members were to be elected from the British Provinces and 93 from the Princely States.

(ii)
(a) The Date of Independence — The transfer of power, originally proposed for June 1948, was to be advanced and completed at the earliest possible date.

(b) The boundaries between dominions — The Plan provided for the creation of a Boundary Commission to settle the boundaries of the two Dominions in case partition was decided upon.

(c) The North-West Frontier Province — A plebiscite was to be held in the North-West Frontier Province to ascertain whether the people wanted to join India or Pakistan.

(iii) The Congress accepted the Mountbatten Plan for the following reasons:

1. The large-scale communal riots that engulfed the country convinced the Congress leaders that Partition was the only practical solution to the communal problem.
2. The Muslim League had joined the Interim Government to obstruct and not to cooperate. The experience of working with the League convinced the Congress that it could not have a joint administration with it.
3. The only alternative to Partition was a Federation with a weak Centre. A smaller India with a strong central authority was better than a bigger State with a weak Centre.
4. The leaders felt that further delay in the transfer of power could find India in the midst of a Civil War.

(i) The countries of the Triple Entente, formed in 1907, were France, Russia and England.

(ii) Three ways in which the territories were rearranged after the First World War were:

1. Austria-Hungary was broken up — Austria and Hungary became separate independent States, while Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia emerged as new States.
2. New States emerged in Europe — Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania became independent States.
3. Territories were restored to neighbouring countries — Alsace-Lorraine was restored to France and Schleswig was ceded to Denmark.

(iii) Four common ideologies of Hitler and Mussolini were:

1. To have faith in totalitarian rule and to despise democratic political systems.
2. To hold that the State is supreme and that it could suppress the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals.
3. To uphold One-Party rule and one leader.
4. To believe in aggressive nationalism and imperialism, and to regard war as an instrument for furthering national interests.

(i) The organisation mentioned in the headline is the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). Three of its objectives are:

1. To eliminate all those causes which could lead to war and to advocate the peaceful settlement of international disputes.
2. To oppose colonialism, imperialism and racial discrimination, and to protect the nascent freedom of the new-born independent countries of Asia and Africa from colonial domination.
3. To advocate the sovereign equality of all states and to encourage friendly relations among countries.

(ii) The Security Council has five permanent members.

They are China, France, Russia, Britain and the United States of America.

(iii) Four functions of the WHO are:

1. It helps countries to improve their health systems by building up infrastructure, especially manpower, institutions and services for the individual and the community.
2. It gives important drugs needed for medical care. The WHO launched a programme to immunise children against six major diseases — Measles, Diphtheria, Tetanus, Tuberculosis, Polio and Whooping Cough.
3. It promotes research to cure and prevent diseases. For example, it arranged for the investigation of cancer and heart diseases in laboratories in many countries to identify disease-causing organisms, to improve vaccines and to train research workers.
4. It works towards providing safe drinking water and adequate waste disposal, and it aims at fighting diseases and preventing them from spreading.

P and R

Reason — The Rajya Sabha has the exclusive power to declare the creation of new All India Services in accordance with national interest. Also, it is a permanent house and cannot be dissolved as each member is elected for a period of six years, which means that one-third of the total members retire after every two years.

The Parliament

Reason — The Central Government took an important political and constitutional step on August 5, 2019 by abrogating Article 370 and bifurcating Jammu and Kashmir into two separate Union Territories (UTs), i.e., Jammu and Kashmir with a Legislative Assembly and Ladakh without a Legislative Assembly.

Z

Reason — To become the President of India, one must be a citizen of India, must have completed 35 years of age, and should not hold an office of profit under the government. Thus, Person Z fulfills the eligibility criteria to become the President of India.

adjourn the house for lack of discipline.

Reason — It is the duty of the Speaker to maintain order and discipline in the Lok Sabha. He can adjourn the House for lack of discipline.

Lok Sabha

Reason — In the Indian parliamentary system, the Union ministers (including the Prime Minister) are collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament). This means that if the Lok Sabha passes a vote of no-confidence against the government, all ministers, including the Prime Minister, must resign.

Works on the spirit of compromise

Reason — Lok Adalat works on the spirit of compromise as shown in the given case. The counselling parties agreed to put aside their differences and came to a mutual agreement.

(A) is true and (R) is false.

Explanation — The early aim of the Congress was to promote moderate reforms, seek greater representation for Indians in the British administration, and advocate for social and economic improvements. It was only later with the growing dissatisfaction with British rule, that the Congress started demanding full independence.

3-1-2

Reason — The Simon Commission came first (1928), followed by the Dandi March (1930), and then the Second Round Table Conference (1931). Hence, the correct sequence is 3-1-2.

Follow the method of boycott

Reason — The Early Nationalists believed in moderate politics. They believed in the British government and relied on constitutional and peaceful methods to achieve their aims. They believed in patience and reconciliation rather than in violence and confrontation. So, Anand is unlikely to follow the assertive method of boycott.

Hiroshima, Nagasaki

Reason — During World War II, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima (on August 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (on August 9, 1945). These two bombings were the most significant American military actions in terms of civilian impact and destruction, ultimately leading to Japan’s surrender and the end of World War II.

The Vernacular Press Act

Reason — The Vernacular Press Act tried to control the press and forbade vernacular papers to publish any material that might excite feelings of dissatisfaction against the British Government. This act was not applicable to English newspapers.

Dadabhai Naoroji

Reason — Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Bipin Chandra Pal were Assertive Nationalist leaders, whereas Dadabhai Naoroji was a leader of the Early Nationalists (Moderates).

use of greased cartridges in Enfield rifles

Reason — It was rumoured that the greased cartridge had the fat of cow or pig. The sepoys felt that the introduction of greased cartridges were a deliberate move to defile Hindu and Muslim religions. So, the soldiers refused to use these cartridges and staged an uprising when they were forced to use them.

Japan

Reason — VETO power is enjoyed by the permanent members of the UN. Since, Japan is not a permanent member of the UN, it does not enjoy VETO power.

Jyotiba Phule – Women’s Education

Reason — Jyotiba Phule was a strong advocate for the education of women and the upliftment of lower castes. He and his wife, Savitribai Phule, were pioneers in setting up schools for girls in 19th-century Maharashtra.

A country maintains relations with both factions during the Cold War and does not take sides.

Reason — Non-alignment is the international policy of a sovereign state according to which it does not align itself with any of the power blocs and at the same time actively participates in the world affairs to promote international peace, harmony and cooperation.

The Speaker of the Lok Sabha has the right to allow or disallow an Adjournment motion.

An Adjournment Motion means a proposal to lay aside all other business and take up a 'definite matter of urgent importance'. Such a motion leads to the interruption of normal business of the House.

(a) Approval of bills — Legislative power.

(b) Appointment of the Supreme Court judges — Executive power.

The Mountbatten Plan was accepted by the Congress because of following two key reasons:

1. Large-Scale Communal Riots — The large-scale communal riots that engulfed the whole country convinced the Congress leaders that the only solution to the communal problem lay in the Partition of India.
2. Avoidance of Civil War — The leaders felt that any further delay in the transfer of power could lead to a civil war in India. They believed that it was better to have a smaller India with a strong central authority than a larger state with a weak center.

The economic exploitation at the hands of the British made my life very difficult as an artisan in the year 1856. Some of the difficulties I faced were:

1. British rule had a damaging effect on Indian handicrafts. Heavy duties were imposed on goods exported into England from India. On the other hand, the cheaper machine-made products were imported from Britain almost duty free. This forced me into unemployment.
2. Due to British economic policies, India became a source of raw material for the British industries and a market for its finished products. This destroyed the business of Artisans like me.

The person shown in the picture is Bal Gangadhar Tilak, an assertive nationalist leader.

One key contribution of Bal Gangadhar Tilak:

• Demand for Swaraj: Tilak was the first to openly declare the demand for Swaraj. "Swaraj is my birth right," he said, "and I shall have iť".

Two objectives of the League of Nations were:

1. All States were to refer their mutual disputes, if any, to the League of Nations for a peaceful settlement.
2. The member-States were to take necessary action as directed by the League against any state which tried to disturb world peace and order.

Two ideologies of the dictators are:

1. Dictators supported one party and one ruler.
2. They led stress on nationalism and not on individual institutions.

(i) The Lok Sabha has special powers which make it more powerful than the Rajya Sabha. These special powers are:

1. Motions of No-confidence against the government can only be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha. If passed by a majority vote, the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers resign collectively. The Rajya Sabha has no power over such a motion, and hence no real power over the executive.
2. Money bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha, and upon being passed, are sent to the Rajya Sabha, where it can be deliberated on for up to 14 days.
3. In case of a deadlock between the two Houses over a non-financial (ordinary) bill, the will of the Lok Sabha normally prevails, as its strength is more than double that of the Rajya Sabha.

(ii) The Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who is the Vice President of India, has the authority to adjourn a Rajya Sabha session.

Composition of the Rajya Sabha — The maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha can be 250 members, out of which-

1. 12 members are nominated by the President from among persons having special knowledge or practical experience in matters such as literature, science, art and social service.
2. 238 members are elected by the States in the Union. Seats are allocated to the States and the Union Territories on the basis of their population.

(iii) Four legislative powers of the Union Parliament are-

1. Matters in the Union List — The Parliament has exclusive powers to make laws on all the subjects mentioned in the Union List, including important subjects like Defence, Banking, Communications, Foreign Affairs, etc.
2. Matters in the Concurrent List — Parliament and State Legislative Assemblies can both make laws on Concurrent List subjects like education, forests, succession, etc. In case of a conflict, the Union law overrides the State law.
3. Residuary Powers — Parliament can make laws on subjects not listed in the Union, State, or Concurrent Lists.
4. Powers during Emergency — When a State faces a breakdown of Constitutional machinery, Parliament takes over its legislative and financial powers, including passing the State budget.

(i) Three legislative powers of the President which justifies his/her nominal position are:

1. Dissolve the Lok Sabha: He/She can dissolve the Lok Sabha and order fresh elections.

2. Assent to Bills: Once a Bill is passed by both the Houses, it is sent to the President for his/her approval. The President may give his/her assent, or withhold the Bill or send it back to the House concerned with recommendations. If the same bill is passed again, the President has to give his/her assent.

3. Promulgate Ordinances: The President can promulgate an Ordinance, which has the same status as an Act of Parliament when:

   1. Certain circumstances need immediate action.
   2. Both Houses of Parliament are not in session.
   3. All Ordinances must be put up before both the Houses for their approval. Ordinances cease to operate after six weeks from the re-assembly of Parliament, unless they are approved by the Houses.
   4. The Ordinance lapses if it is replaced by an Act of Parliament.

(ii) Three financial powers of the President are:

1. Money Bills can be introduced only on the recommendation of the President.

2. The President can authorise withdrawal of advances from the Contingency Fund of India to meet unforeseen expenditure. Such expenditure should be subsequently approved by Parliament.

3. Every five years, the President appoints a Finance Commission comprising a Chairman and four other members to give recommendations on financial matters.

(iii) PROCEDURE FOR IMPEACHMENT OF THE PRESIDENT

1. In case of violation of the Constitution or grave misconduct, either House may frame charges against the President as follows:

   1. Resolution which is moved after at least fourteen days' notice in writing signed by not less than one-fourth of the total number of members of the House; and
   2. The resolution is passed by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the total membership of the House.

2. The other House investigates the charges and the President has the right to appear and to be represented at such an investigation.

3. If the President is found guilty, a resolution is passed by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the total membership of the investigating House, and the President is removed from his/her office.

(i) The President of India appoints the judges of the Supreme Court.

COMPOSITION OF THE SUPREME COURT —

The Supreme Court of India consists of a Chief Justice of India and not more than 33 other judges, until Parliament by law prescribes a larger number of judges.

(ii) Under Article 129, the Supreme Court is called a Court of Record. This can be justified in the following ways—

1. Permanent Records of Judgments – The Supreme Court maintains records of its decisions and proceedings. These serve as legal references for future cases and cannot be questioned in any court.
2. Power to Punish for Contempt – As a Court of Record, the Supreme Court has the authority to punish individuals for contempt of court if they disobey its orders or show disrespect.
3. Precedent Value – The decisions of the Supreme Court act as precedents. Lower courts are bound to follow its judgments, helping maintain uniformity in the application of law.

(iii)
(a) Revisory Jurisdiction — The Supreme Court has the power to review its own judgments to correct any mistakes, as its decisions are treated as laws.

(b) Original Jurisdiction — Original Jurisdiction means the power to hear and determine a dispute in the first instance; i.e., those cases which cannot be moved in any court other than the Supreme Court.

(i) The British tried to expand their political power in India by many ways, such as:

1. By outright wars
2. By the system of Subsidiary Alliance
3. By adopting the Doctrine of Lapse.

(ii) The uprising of 1857 ended the Mughal and Peshwa rule in India. The Mughal dynasty came to an end with the death of Bahadur Shah II and Nana Saheb, the last Peshwa, fled to Nepal after the failure of the uprising.

(iii) The India army was reorganised after 1858, to prevent the reoccurrence of another uprising, in the following manner:

1. The strength of European troops in India was increased. The ratio of European to Indian troops was fixed at 1:2 (Bengal army) and 2:5 (Madras and Bombay armies). Practically the same ratio was maintained till the First World War. The general principle adopted was that the number of Indian sepoys should not exceed twice that of the European troops.
2. European troops were kept in key geographical and military positions.
3. To desist the Indian soldiers from rising again against the British rule, the sophisticated weapons and ammunition were never placed under the charge of Indians. All Indian artillery units, with the exceptions of a few mountain units, were disbanded.
4. Newspapers, journals and nationalist publications were prevented from reaching the soldiers to keep the Indian army separated from the life of the rest of the population.

(i) The first President of the Indian National Congress was W.C. Bonnerjee. Two objectives of the Indian National Congress are given below:

1. To promote friendly relations between nationalist political workers from different parts of the country.
2. To formulate popular demands and present them before the government.

(ii) The press played an important role in the growth of Indian Nationalism in the following ways:

1. The press helped spread the ideals of patriotism, modern liberal ideas of liberty, freedom, and equality.
2. The Press criticised the British policies, and made the Indians aware of the happenings in the world.
3. The Press helped Indians exchange views, and played an important role in the Indian freedom struggle.

(iii) Two repressive policies enforced by Lord Lytton that led to the rise of nationalism were:

1. Vernacular Press Act (1878) – This Act banned Indian-language newspapers from publishing anti-British content, curbing freedom of expression. English newspapers were exempt.
2. Indian Arms Act (1878) – Indians were prohibited from possessing arms without a licence, while Europeans faced no such restriction, highlighting racial discrimination.

(i) The march being discussed in the given excerpt is known as the Dandi March. This march led to the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930.

(ii) The Civil Disobedience Movement made a considerable impact on the social and political surroundings of the country, in the following ways:

1. It widened the base of freedom struggle by mobilising various social groups like merchants, peasants, tribals, and workers across the country.
2. It inspired the youth to follow Gandhi's path of non-violence in the freedom struggle instead of using violence as a political weapon.
3. It marked greater participation of women in politics, inspiring many to step out and join the freedom struggle.

(iii) Four clauses of Gandhi Irwin Pact were:

1. The government agreed to release all political prisoners, except those guilty of violence.
2. The government agreed to permit the free collection or manufacture of salt by persons near the sea coast.
3. The Congress agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement.
4. The Congress agreed to participate in the second session of the Round Table Conference.

(i) The incident depicted in the cartoon is known as the Sarjevo Crisis, which was the immediate cause of the World War I.
Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated on June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo by members of the Serbian secret society 'Union of Death'. Austria sent an ultimatum with 11 demands to Serbia; Serbia accepted most but rejected those affecting its sovereignty. Austria declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914, marking the start of the First World War.

(ii) The World War I gave a serious blow to the autocratic monarchial system and led to the development of democracy in Europe.

1. Austria and Hungary became separate independent States. Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia emerged as independent States.

2. European supremacy came to an end. The United States surpassed Europe economically and militarily. Ruling dynasties of Europe were destroyed, the Hohenzollern in Germany and the Hapsburg in Austria-Hungary.

3. The political instability and economic crisis in post-war Europe led to the rise of dictatorships in countries like Germany and Italy, where people turned to totalitarian rule for stability and national revival.

(iii) The Treaty of Versailles was signed to prevent Germany from going to war again. So, its terms were extremely harsh and humiliating towards Germany.

1. Germany was declared guilty of aggression and had to pay war reparation of 33 billion dollars.
2. The Saar coal mines were given to France for 15 years and the area was to be governed by the League of Nations.
3. The area of the Rhine valley was demilitarized and the German territory west of Rhine was to be occupied by the Allied troops for 15 years.
4. The German Army was restricted to a force of 1,00,000 soldiers and the Navy was limited to 15,000 men and 24 ships. The Air Force and submarines were banned.

(i) Composition of the International Court of Justice —

1. The Court is composed of 15 judges, each of different nationality elected to nine-year terms of office by the United Nations General Assembly and Security Council sitting independently of each other. Elections are held every three years for one-third of the seats, and retiring judges may be re-elected.

2. The Members of the Court do not represent their governments but are independent magistrates. The judges must possess the qualifications required in their respective countries for appointment to the highest judicial offices, or be jurists of recognised competence in international law. The composition of the Court has also to reflect the main forms of civilisation and the principal legal systems of the world.

3. The Court elects its President and Vice-President for a three-year term. They may, when their term expires, be re-elected. The Court has the power to appoint its Registrar.

(ii) Three functions of the General Assembly are:

1. To consider and make recommendations on the principles of cooperation, in the maintenance of international peace and security.
2. To consider and approve the budget of the United Nations and to apportion the contributions among members.
3. To elect the non-permanent members of the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council and the Trusteeship Council, and to elect the judges of the International Court of Justice.

(iii) The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is the agency authorized to designate intangible cultural heritage tag.
Three contributions of UNESCO in the preservation of culture are:

1. UNESCO provides technical advice and assistance, equipment and funds for the preservation of monuments and other works of art. It has prepared a World Heritage List to identify the monuments and sites which are to be protected.
2. It aims to protect the world inheritance of books, works of art and rare manuscripts.
3. It gives encouragement to artistic creations in literature and fine arts.

Lok Sabha

Reason — The ministers remain in office until they enjoy the confidence of majority of members in the Lok Sabha. If a vote of no-confidence is passed in the Lok Sabha against the Prime Minister, or the Ministry as a whole or any of its members, the whole Ministry has to resign.

X

Reason — In order to seek membership of the Rajya Sabha, a person :
(a) must be a citizen of India.
(b) must not be less than 30 years of age and an industrialist.
(c) must not be a proclaimed criminal.
(d) must have his/her name in the electoral list.
(e) must not hold any office of profit under the Government of India.
(f) should not be in debt.
(g) should not be of unsound mind.

Person X is 45 years old, a citizen of India, and has no disqualifications. Hence, X is eligible.

Review the laws passed by the Parliament.

Reason — The Supreme Court is the guardian and sole interpreter of the Constitution. The Supreme Court can declare law passed by the Parliament null and void if found unconstitutional.

adjourn the house for lack of discipline.

Reason — It is the duty of the Speaker to maintain order and discipline in the Lok Sabha. He can adjourn the House for lack of discipline.

the House will discuss a matter of urgent public importance.

Reason — An Adjournment Motion is passed by the Lok Sabha to discuss a matter of urgent public importance. Such a Motion leads to the interruption of the normal business of the House.

General Emergency

Reason — The President can declare a national or general emergency in case of danger of foreign aggression or danger to the peace and security of the country because of a civil war, insurgency or any other such cause.

(A) is the reason for (R).

Explanation — Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal in 1905. The nationalists believed that the real motive behind the partition was to divide the Hindus and Muslims and weaken Indian nationalism. Therefore, the partition mentioned in (A) led to the belief expressed in (R).

Lord Wellesley

Reason — Subsidiary alliance was an agreement between the British East India Company and the Indian Princely States by virtue of which these states lost their sovereignty to the British. This policy was introduced by Lord Wellesley.

Dadabhai Naoroji

Reason — Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Bipin Chandra Pal were Assertive Nationalist leaders, whereas Dadabhai Naoroji was a leader of the Early Nationalists (Moderates).

Jyotiba Phule

Reason — Jyotiba Phule played a crucial role in advancing girls' education in India. He established the first school for girls in Pune in 1848.

P and S

Reason — Statements P and S are correct: Subhas Chandra Bose was the Supreme Commander of the INA and founded the Forward Bloc in 1939. Statement Q is wrong, as he did not sign the Lucknow Pact, and Statement R is wrong, as the Quit India Movement was led by Gandhiji, not Bose.

Swadeshi

Reason — Swadeshi meant producing and using goods made in one's own country in preference to imported goods. It encouraged Indians to support indigenous industries and boycott foreign goods.

Disengage

Reason — Disengagement, meaning to withdraw or detach, is contrary to the UN’s objective of fostering collaboration and resolving conflicts.

UNESCO

Reason — UNESCO is responsible for preserving heritage sites worldwide by ensuring their protection and conservation.

Economic Crisis

Reason — Financial instability leading to economic crisis often creates conditions for the rise of dictatorship. Dictatorship provides strong leadership to the citizens.

Sarajevo Crisis

Reason — The headline refers to the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand by a Serbian at Sarajevo, which is connected to the Sarajevo Crisis — the immediate cause of the First World War.

Two powers of the Prime Minister with reference to the Cabinet are:

1. The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet.
2. His resignation implies the resignation of the whole Cabinet.
3. He appoints and removes ministers, calls meetings of Cabinet, allots portfolios, co-ordinates all departments and presides over Cabinet meetings.

As an Early Nationalist leader, the two methods I would follow to fight against the British are:

1. I would draft petitions and memorandums and submit them to the Government to gradually bring the authorities around to our point of view.
2. I would organise annual sessions, processions and public meetings to educate the people, arouse political consciousness and create a powerful public opinion in favour of our demands.

Two factors that led to the formation of the Muslim League are given below:

1. British Policy of 'Divide and Rule': After the uprising of 1857, the British treated the Muslims with suspicion and encouraged communalism to sow the seeds of disunity between the Hindus and the Muslims.
2. Economic Backwardness of the Muslims: The Muslims were not recruited to civil and military services and remained poor and unemployed. This economic backwardness gave birth to feelings of resentment and separatism among them.

Two objectives of the Forward Bloc were:

1. Liberation of India with the support of workers, peasants, youth, and other organizations.
2. After independence, establishment of a socialist state through measures such as reorganisation of agriculture and industry on socialist lines and abolition of the Zamindari system.

Two ways in which the Treaty of Versailles affected the German Military Force are:

1. The German Army was restricted to a force of 1,00,000 soldiers and the Navy was limited to 15,000 men and 36 ships.
2. The Air Force and submarines of German Navy were banned.

Non-Alignment means a country does not align itself with any major power blocs, while actively participating in world affairs to promote international peace and cooperation.

Two ways in which the Constitution ensures the independence of the Judiciary are:

1. Security of Service — Judges cannot be removed by the President at his pleasure. They can be removed only by impeachment by Parliament on the grounds laid down in the Constitution.
2. Security of Pay and Allowances — Their salaries and allowances are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India and cannot be changed to their disadvantage during their term of office.

(i) Three circumstances under which the Parliament can make laws on subjects in the state list are:

1. During a National Emergency: During a national emergency, Parliament has the power to make laws on any matter in the State List for the whole or any part of the territory of India.
2. When Two or More States Pass a Resolution: If two or more states pass a resolution requesting Parliament to legislate on a subject in the State List, Parliament can make laws regulating that matter. Such laws apply only to the states that have passed the resolution.
3. Agreement Between States: If two or more states request Parliament to legislate on a State List subject, the Parliament can make laws on that particular subject.

(ii) (a) Question Hour — The first hour of a sitting in both Houses is allotted for asking and answering of questions. The questions are asked to obtain information on a matter of public importance or to highlight a grievance. It is a valuable device against injustice and slackness of the government.

(b) Quorum — The Quorum means the minimum number of members required to be present in order to conduct a sitting or enable the business of the House. It is fixed at 1/10th of the total membership of each House.

(c) No Confidence Motion — If a Government acts against the Constitutional provisions, it can be voted out of office by passing a vote of no-confidence against the Prime Minister, or the Ministry as a whole or any of its members. In such a case, the whole Ministry has to resign.

(iii) During the proclamation of an emergency the period of the Lok Sabha may be extended by Parliament for one year at a time.

Three powers of the Lok Sabha which show its superiority over the Rajya Sabha are:

1. The Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers are responsible to the Lok Sabha. If the Lok Sabha passes a vote of no-confidence against the Council of Ministers, they must resign. However, the Rajya Sabha (Upper House) cannot pass a vote of no-confidence against the Council of Ministers. The no-confidence motion is exclusively a power of the Lok Sabha.
2. A Money Bill can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha may only offer suggestions which may or may not be accepted by Lok Sabha. If the Money Bill is not returned by the Rajya Sabha within 14 days, it is taken as it has been passed by the Rajya Sabha.
3. Any ordinary law needs to be passed by both the Houses, but in case of conflict, the view of Lok Sabha prevails because it has a large number of members.

(i) The President can be impeached and removed from office for violation of the Constitution by the process of Impeachment.

1. Charges can be introduced in either House of the Parliament. A 14 days notice should be given to the President in writing, signed by at least one–fourth of the total members of the House that framed the charges.
2. After the lapse of 14 days, a resolution is moved which is to be passed by a majority of not less than two-third of the total strength of the House.
3. The resolution then moves to the other House, which should investigate the charges during the process. The impeached President has the right to appear and to represent himself during investigation. If the resolution is passed by the second House with a majority of not less than two-thirds of its total membership of the House (investigating), the President will stand impeached and removed from office.

(ii) Three powers of the Vice President as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha are:

1. The Vice-President is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
2. The Vice-President of India performs similar functions in the Rajya Sabha as the Speaker in the Lok Sabha. His/her salary is also paid in this capacity.
3. In case of a tie on any issue or motion, the Vice President, as Chairman, has the casting vote. This means that the Chairman can cast a vote to break the deadlock.

(iii) (a) Two financial powers of the President are:

1. Money bills can be introduced in the Parliament only with President’s recommendation.
2. He/she can withdraw money out of the Contingency Fund of India to meet any unforeseen expenditure. Such expenditure should be subsequently approved by the Parliament.

(b) Two executive powers of the President are:

1. The President is the executive head of the country and executive authority vested in him, and all executive orders are issued in his/her name.
2. The administration of Union Territories and Border Areas is the responsibility of the President.

(i) High Courts have original jurisdiction, that is, the power to hear and decide cases at the first instance. It has original jurisdiction in the following cases:

1. Matters relating to State revenue and its collection.
2. Cases regarding wills, divorce, marriage, company law and contempt of court may be referred or brought before the High Court directly.

(ii) Two advantages of the Lok Adalat are:

1. Lok Adalats deliver fast and inexpensive justice. Any person can move Lok Adalat by an application on a plain paper or using the format available with Legal Service Authorities and expect speedy justice.
2. The Lok Adalats reduce the workload of other courts enabling them to deal with more serious matters. This reduces delays in higher courts.

Sessions Court decides Criminal cases while the Court of the District Judge decides civil cases.

(iii) (a) Revisory Jurisdiction — Revisory Jurisdiction means that the High Court can call for the record of a case which has been decided by a subordinate court. This is done because the High Court feels that the Subordinate Court has exercised a jurisdiction not vested in it or the latter has not followed proper procedure.
Therefore, the High Court can review the case and take appropriate action on it. This is known as the Revisory Jurisdiction of the High Court.

(b) Court of Record — The High Court is a 'Court of Record' like the Supreme Court. It means:

1. All the judgements and orders are preserved as a record to be referred to by its courts in future cases. They can be produced as precedents.
2. The law laid down by the High Court is binding on all subordinate courts in the State concerned. But it does not bind the other High Courts, although it is of great significance and can be produced in support of an argument.
3. The High Court can punish anyone who commits a contempt of its orders.

(i) According to Doctrine of Lapse, if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would come under the Company's territory in India. It was introduced by Lord Dalhousie.

(ii) Three socio-religious causes that show that the British Government interfered in the social and religious matters of the Indians are:

1. The reforms like the Abolition of Sati (1829), the introduction of the Widow Remarriage Act (1856) and the opening of Western education to girls were not welcomed by the masses.
2. In the 19th century, the British began to interfere with the local religious and social customs. They denounced idol worship and dubbed local beliefs as ignorance. The Indians did not like this interference in their religious matters.
3. Religious sentiments of the Indians were hurt by the official policy of taxing lands belonging to the temples and mosques.

(iii) Four military causes that led to the Great Uprising of 1857 were:

1. Ill-treatment of Indian soldiers — Indian soldiers were poorly paid, ill-fed and badly housed. British military authorities forbade the sepoys from wearing caste or sectarian marks, beards or turbans; and they showed disregard for the sentiments of the sepoys.

2. General Service Enlistment Act (1856) — As per this Act, Indian soldiers could be sent overseas on duty. The Act did not take into account the sentiment of the Indian soldiers. This led to a feeling of resentment among them.

3. Lower Salaries — The wages of the Indian soldiers were inadequate to support their families. On the other hand, the British soldiers received more than eight times the salary of the Indian soldiers.

4. Bleak Prospects of Promotion — No Indian soldier could rise above the rank of a Subedar. All high positions were reserved for the British soldiers only.

(i) Three repressive policies of Lord Lytton are:

1. Vernacular Press Act — This act, enacted in 1878, forbade vernacular papers to publish any material that might incite feelings of dissatisfaction against the British Government. This act was not applicable to English newspapers.
2. Arms Act — The Arms Act of 1878 made it a criminal offence for Indians to carry arms without licence. This act did not apply to British.
3. Famine Policies — Lord Lytton’s handling of the Great Indian Famine of 1876-1878 has been heavily criticized. Despite the famine, he convened a grand durbar to proclaim Queen Victoria as the Empress of India.

(ii) Three ways in which the Press promoted nationalism are:

1. It served as a crucial medium for disseminating information and raising awareness about socio-political issues.
2. It helped spread modern ideas of self-government, democracy, civil rights etc.
3. The press fostered national unity by spreading ideas and information that united people towards the common goal of independence. It popularized the ideas of nationalist organizations and leader.

(iii) Dadabhai Naoroji presided over the second session of the Indian National Congress in 1886 at Kolkata.

Three objectives of the Indian National Congress were:

1. To promote friendly relations between nationalist political workers from different parts of the country.
2. To formulate popular demands and present them before the government.
3. To train and organise public opinion in the country.

(i) The given picture shows the Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy that happened on April 13, 1919 in Amritsar. It led to the start of the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920, and was suspended by Gandhiji after the Chauri-Chaura incident.

(ii) The Rowlatt Act authorised the Government to imprison any person without trial and convict him in a court. It implied:

1. Arrest of a person without warrant.
2. In camera trial (trial in seclusion).
3. Restrictions on movements of individuals.

(iii) (a) Two causes of the Quit India Movement were:

1. Failure of the Cripps Mission — The Cripps Mission was a complete failure as almost all the parties and all sections of the society rejected it.
2. Japanese threat of Invasion — There was a growing threat of Japanese invasion on India. The Congress leaders believed that to save India, the British must handover power to the Indians and quit the country.

(b) Two causes of the Civil Disobedience Movement were:

1. Opposition to the Salt Tax — The British imposed the salt tax, which made salt production and sale by Indians illegal. The tax was seen as deeply unfair because it affected all sections of society, especially the poor, who relied on salt for everyday consumption. Gandhi’s Salt March (Dandi March) in 1930 directly challenged this oppressive tax.
2. Demand for Poorna Swaraj (Complete Freedom) — When the British Government gave no positive response to the Nehru Report, then the Congress, under the presidentship of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1929 (at Lahore Session), passed a resolution declaring Poorna Swaraj (Complete Freedom) as the ultimate objective of the Congress.

(i) Japan's expansionist policy after World War I was a key cause of the Second World War. In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria, defying the League of Nations, and later waged an undeclared war on China. Despite China's appeal for sanctions, Britain and France, key League members, ignored it. Japan then joined the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis to further its ambitions. In 1933, Japan left the League and began occupying British and American properties in China. Britain and France followed a policy of appeasement, hoping Japan would weaken China, which contributed to the inevitability of war.

(ii) Hitler invaded Poland in September 1939 for the following reasons:

1. By the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was divided into two parts in order to give a land-route to Poland upto the sea and the Port of Danzing was also given to Poland. Germany wanted to regain her lost territories.
2. The city of Danzing was inhabited mainly by the Germans and by occupying Danzing Corridor, Germany could connect with East Prussia.
3. Germany signed a Non-Aggression Pact with Russia in August 1939, Poland was left vulnerable because of the pact, enabling Germany to invade without fear of Soviet opposition.

(iii) Four reasons for the failure of the League of Nations were:

1. The League suffered an early blow when the USA did not join the League. Even those who joined the League were not interested in the principle of collective security.
2. The League did nothing when Poland, with the backing of France, seized a part of Lithuania in 1920.
3. In 1923, there was a threat of war between Italy and Greece. Italy refused to submit to the League's intervention and the dispute was settled by direct mediation of Great Britain and France. Thereafter, in every crisis, the League was either defied or ignored.
4. The authority of the League was flouted by Japan when it seized Manchuria; and by Italy when it conquered Ethiopia.
5. Moreover, the member states were not willing to apply economic sanctions as it affected their economy as well.

Hence, the League failed to maintain international peace and the countries of Europe lost faith in its usefulness.

(i) All members of the United Nations are members of the General Assembly.

1. Each State has five representatives in the General Assembly, but each State has one vote.
2. At the start of each regular session, the Assembly elects a new President, 21 Vice-Presidents and the Chairmen of the Assembly's six Main Committees.
3. To ensure equitable geographical representation, the presidency of the Assembly rotates each year among five groups of States: Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America and Caribbean, and Western Europe and other States.
4. Decisions on important matters are made by a two-third majority.

(ii) Three functions of the International Court of Justice are:

1. The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations.
2. The Court settles, in accordance with international law, the legal disputes submitted to it by the States.
3. It gives advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by duly authorised international organs and agencies.

(iii) UNICEF stands for United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. Three functions of UNICEF are:

1. UNICEF works for the protection of children in respect of their survival, health, and well-being. This is done in cooperation with individuals, civic groups, governments and the private sector.
2. It provides funds for training personnel, including health and sanitation workers, teachers and nutritionists. Universal Child Immunisation against preventable diseases was one of the leading goals of UNICEF.
3. It assists governments to plan, develop and extend community-based services in the fields of maternal and child health, nutrition, clean water and sanitation.
4. It provides help to children and mothers in emergencies arising from natural calamities, civil strifes and epidemics.

65 years

Reason — A Supreme Court judge in India can continue in office until the age of 65 years.

Z

Reason — The President invites the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha to form the Government, and to be a member of the Lok Sabha, a person must be an Indian citizen, with at least 25 years of age, and not a proclaimed criminal. Only Person Z meets the required criteria.

He has to become a member of either house within six months of appointment.

Reason — Mr. Amit can be appointed to the Union Cabinet, but he has to become a member of either house within six months of appointment.

All the ministers must function as a team and discuss policies.

Reason — The given picture shows all ministers sitting together around a table, arranging puzzle pieces, which represents teamwork, unity, and joint policy discussions.

238

Reason — The maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha can be 250 members. Of these, 238 are elected by the States of the Union and 12 members are nominated by the President.

It must be approved within six weeks of re-assembly of Parliament.

Reason — If the Parliament does not approve the Ordinance within six months of its re-assembly, it lapses. If an ordinance is not disapproved, it will automatically cease to operate at the end of six weeks from the date the Parliament re-assembles.

(R) is the reason for (A).

Explanation — The Congress leaders realised that its better to have a smaller India with strong centre rather than having a big India with weak centre, due to internal conflicts.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Reason — The given picture shows Bal Gangadhar Tilak, an assertive nationalist leader.

Lord Wellesley

Reason — The policy of Subsidiary Alliance was introduced by Lord Wellesley.

Two countries joined hands to fight Britain and France.

Reason — The Cold War was a period of ideological and political tension between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, but there was no direct military conflict. Instead, it involved proxy wars, nuclear arms race, and diplomatic struggles.

The Vernacular Press Act

Reason — The Vernacular Press Act, enacted in 1878, forbade vernacular papers to publish any material that might incite feelings of dissatisfaction against the British Government. This act was not applicable to English newspapers.

Japan

Reason — The USA dropped atom bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki when they refused to surrender in August, 1945.

Permanent members have the Veto Power.

Reason — Veto power refers to the Security Council, not the General Assembly. The five permanent members of the Security Council (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) do have veto power over substantive decisions.

P & R

Reason — The Early Nationalists are Dadabhai Naoroji and Surendranath Banerjee, while Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh are Assertive nationalists.

The Panchsheel

Reason — The Panchsheel or the five principles of peaceful co-existence formed the basis of the Bandung Conference of 1955 and were a great contribution to the development of the NAM, thus shaping its objectives. NATO, SEATO and the Warsaw Pact were military alliances formed by the two power blocs.

WHO

Reason — The picture is connected with polio vaccination. WHO makes a worldwide campaign in providing effective immunisation for all children to prevent six major communicable diseases of childhood, poliomyelitis being one of them.

Two powers of the Prime Minister with reference to the President are:

1. It is on the advice of the Prime Minister that the President summons and prorogues the Parliament and dissolves the Lok Sabha.
2. The PM advises the President on various appointments to important posts such as the Judges of the Supreme Court, the Governors and Ambassadors.

Me and my party would work for the establishment of a Socialist State through:

1. Reorganisation of agriculture and industry on socialist lines.
2. Abolition of the Zamindari system.
3. Introduction of a new monetary and credit system.

Two points highlighting the significance of the Lucknow Pact are:

1. Hindu-Muslim Unity — It was a marvellous step in achieving Hindu-Muslim unity. The joint demands of the Congress and the Muslim League could now impress upon the Government the urgency of their demands.
2. Unity within the Congress — It brought about unity between the Assertive/Radical Nationalists and the Early Nationalists, who had been pursuing different paths since the Surat Session of 1907, thereby strengthening the Congress.

Two methods of the Early Nationalists were:

1. They drafted petitions and memorandums and submitted them to the Government.
2. They organised annual sessions, processions and meetings to educate the people, to arouse political consciousness and to create a powerful public opinion in favour of their demands.

Two countries of the Triple Entente were — France and Russia.

Two objectives of NAM are as follows:

1. To oppose colonialism, imperialism and racial discrimination.
2. To advocate sovereign equality of all states.

In India, the Supreme Court can exercise advisory jurisdiction under Article 143 of the Constitution. This means that:

1. The Supreme Court can give its opinion on any question of law or fact of public importance as may be referred to it for consideration by the President.
2. This advice is not binding on the Government and cannot be enforced like a judgment.

(i) Three ways in which the Legislature controls the Executive are:

1. Interpellation: The Question Hour, Calling Attention Notices and Half-an-Hour Discussion are some of the devices to seek information from the government about its policies and performance.
   For example - The first hour of a sitting in both Houses is allotted for asking and answering of questions related to matters of public importance or to highlight a grievance. It is a valuable device against injustice and slackness of the government.

2. Vote of No-confidence: If a Government acts against the Constitutional provisions, it can be voted out of office by passing a vote of no-confidence against the Prime Minister, or the Ministry as a whole or any of its members. In such a case, the whole Ministry has to resign.

3. Monetary Controls: During the budget session a cut motion may be moved. Parliamentary Committee on Public Accounts ensures that public money is spent in accordance with Parliament's decision. It examines reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.

(ii) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is elected from among its own members soon after the newly elected House meets for the first time. The previous Speaker does not vacate his/her office till a new speaker is elected by the new Lok Sabha in its first meeting. The Speaker is elected for a period of five years, and can seek re-election for any number of times, if he/she is elected as a member of the Lok Sabha.

(iii) The Union Parliament has following four financial powers:

1. Passing the Union Budget — The Parliament has the power to pass the annual Union Budget.
2. Making Supplementary Grants — If the amount authorized by the budget is insufficient, the Parliament can make supplementary grants.
3. Vote on Account — If the Budget is not passed before April, then there would be no money for the executive to spend. To provide money to the executive for day-to-day expenditure till the passage of the budget, a “Vote on Account” is passed.
4. Salaries — The salaries and allowances of MPs and Ministers are determined by Parliament.

(i) A person shall be eligible for election as Vice-President, if he -

1. is a citizen of India.
2. has completed the age of thirty-five.
3. is qualified for election as a member of the Council of States.

(ii) Three types of emergencies that can be declared by the President are:

1. National or General Emergency — The President can proclaim National Emergency if there is a danger of foreign aggression, civil war, insurgency or any other such cause.
2. Breakdown of Constitutional Machinery — If the President, on receipt of a report from the Governor or otherwise, is satisfied that the governance of a State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, he/she may declare an emergency in the State. This is called President's rule because the President may assume to himself all or any of the functions of the Government of the State.
3. Financial Emergency — The President can proclaim Financial Emergency if there is a setback to the financial stability or credit feasibility of the country.

(iii) Four legislative powers of the President are-

1. Addresses Sessions of Parliament — The President addresses both Houses of Parliament assembled together for the first session after each General Election to the Lok Sabha and at the commencement of the first session of each year. In this address he lays emphasis on the internal and external policies of the Government. The President has the power to address either House of Parliament or their joint sitting at any time.
2. Messages to Parliament — He has the power to send messages to either House of Parliament either in the regard to any pending Bill or to any other matter.
3. Dissolve the Lok Sabha — He can dissolve the Lok Sabha and order fresh elections. Rajya Sabha is a permanent body, not subject to dissolution.
4. Nomination of Members — The President nominates 12 members to the Rajya Sabha from among persons having special knowledge or practical experience in these matters-literature, science, art and social service.

(i) High Courts have original jurisdiction, that is, the power to hear and decide cases at the first instance. It has original jurisdiction in the following cases:

1. Matters relating to State revenue and its collection.
2. Cases regarding wills, divorce, marriage, company law and contempt of court may be referred or brought before the High Court directly.
3. To interpret the Constitution.

(ii) The President appoints the High Court Judges in consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State and the Chief Justice of the High Court.

According to the Constitution, a person shall be qualified for appointment as a Judge of a High Court under the following conditions:

1. He should be a citizen of India.
2. He should not be over 62 years.
3. He has held a judicial office in the territory of India for at least ten years or he has been an advocate of a High Court for at least ten years.

(iii) (a) The Lok Adalats reduce the workload of other courts enabling them to deal with more serious matters. This reduces delays in higher courts. They provide fast and inexpensive justice and helps in reducing the huge backlog of the higher courts.

(b) Three writs issued by the High Court are:

1. Habeas Corpus
2. Mandamus
3. Prohibition.

(i) The immediate cause of the First War of Independence was the introduction of the Enfield rifle. The loading process of the Enfield rifle involved bringing the cartridge to the mouth and biting off the top greased paper with the teeth.

In January 1857, there was a rumour in the Bengal regiments that the greased cartridge had the fat of cow or pig. The sepoys were now convinced that the introduction of greased cartridges was a deliberate move to defile Hindu and Muslim religions. So, the soldiers refused to use these cartridges and staged an uprising when they were forced to use them.

(ii) Three political causes of the First War of Independence were —

1. Policy of Expansion — The British policy of territorial expansion and gradual annexation of the native Indian states was one of the major grievances of the Indian rulers.
2. Absentee Sovereignty of the British — Indians felt they were being ruled from England and India's wealth was drained to England and not utilised for their welfare.
3. Treatment given to Nana Saheb — Nana Saheb was the adopted son of Baji Rao II, the last Peshwa. The British refused to grant Nana Saheb the pension they were paying to Baji Rao II. This treatment was widely resented in the Maratha region. Nana Saheb sent emissaries to different parts of the country for generating awareness among the Indians about the British policies. Nana Saheb also traveled - between Delhi and Lucknow to gather support for the movement.

Other Indian rulers, who were not adversely affected, also became suspicious of their future.

(iii) The India army was reorganised after 1858, to prevent the reoccurrence of another uprising, in the following manner:

1. The strength of European troops in India was increased. The ratio of European to Indian troops was fixed at 1:2 (Bengal army) and 2:5 (Madras and Bombay armies). Practically the same ratio was maintained till the First World War. The general principle adopted was that the number of Indian sepoys should not exceed twice that of the European troops.
2. European troops were kept in key geographical and military positions.
3. To desist the Indian soldiers from rising again against the British rule, the sophisticated weapons and ammunition were never placed under the charge of Indians. All Indian artillery units, with the exceptions of a few mountain units, were disbanded.
4. Newspapers, journals and nationalist publications were prevented from reaching the soldiers to keep the Indian army separated from the life of the rest of the population.

(i) The Indian National Congress (INC) was founded by Allan Octavian Hume in 1885. Two organisations which were precursors to the Congress are:

1. East India Association (1866)
2. Indian Association (1876).

(ii) Three objectives of the Indian National Congress are:

1. To promote friendly relations between nationalist political workers from different parts of the country.
2. To develop and consolidate the feelings of national unity irrespective of caste, religion or province.
3. To train and organise public opinion in the country.

(iii) (a) Two contributions of Jyotiba Phule are:

1. Caste Abolition: Phule fought against the caste system and founded the Satya Shodhak Samaj in 1873 to uplift the lower castes and promote social equality.
2. Education for Women and Lower Castes: He opened the first school for girls in Pune in 1848 and advocated for education among the oppressed.

(b) Two contributions of Raja Ram Mohan Roy are:

1. Founder of Brahmo Samaj: Roy founded the Brahmo Samaj in 1828, promoting monotheism and social reform, challenging idol worship and caste discrimination.
2. Abolition of Sati: He campaigned against the practice of Sati, leading to its prohibition by the British in 1829.

(i) There were three main reasons behind the Non-cooperation movement:

1. Rowlatt Act: The Rowlatt Act authorised the Government to imprison any person without trial and convict him in a court. It implied:
   1. Arrest of a person without warrant.
   2. In camera trial (trial in seclusion).
   3. Restrictions on movements of individuals.
   4. Suspension of the Right of Habeas Corpus.

Gandhiji appealed to the Viceroy to withhold his consent to the Rowlatt Act. However his appeal was ignored. He started 'Satyagraha' as a challenge to the government.

2. Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy: Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy happened in Amritsar on April 13, 1919. On that day, peaceful gathering had assembled at Jallianwala Bagh to protest against the Rowlatt Act. Without any warning, General Dyer ordered his troops to open fire on the unarmed crowd, resulting in hundreds of deaths and thousands of injuries. It was made clear to the Indians that the British had no intention of parting with political power or sharing it with Indians.

3. Khilafat Movement: In the First World War Turkey was defeated and the Sultan of Turkey, who was the Caliph was deprived of all authority. The Muslim population in India started a powerful agitation known as the Khilafat Movement, under the leadership of the Ali Brothers. 'Khilafat Day' was observed on October 17, 1919 on an all-India scale. Gandhiji took the chance to unite Hindus and Muslims. Mahatma Gandhi was elected as President of the All-India Khilafat Conference in November 1919. He advised the Khilafat Committee to adopt a policy of Non-Cooperation with the Government.

(ii) The causes of the Civil Disobedience Movement are given below:

1. Opposition to the Salt Tax — The British imposed the salt tax, which made salt production and sale by Indians illegal. The tax was seen as deeply unfair because it affected all sections of society, especially the poor, who relied on salt for everyday consumption. Gandhi’s Salt March (Dandi March) in 1930 directly challenged this oppressive tax.
2. Simon Commission — In November 1927, the British Government appointed the Simon Commission to assess the need for constitutional reforms. Composed of seven British MPs, it had no Indian members, which was seen as an insult to India's self-respect and a violation of self-determination. The Congress, Muslim League, and Hindu Mahasabha decided to boycott the commission in all forms.
3. Nehru Report (1928) — Lord Birkenhead justified the exclusion of Indians from the Simon Commission by claiming they were divided on reforms. To counter this, an All Parties Conference was held in 1928, uniting leaders from various groups. Motilal Nehru chaired the committee, with Tej Bahadur Sapru and N.C. Kelkar as key members. Their report became known as the Nehru Report. The Nehru Report proposed:
   1. Dominion Status for India.
   2. A Parliament with a Senate (200 members, elected for 7 years) and a House of Representation (500 members, elected for 5 years through adult franchise).
   3. Joint electorates with minority seat reservations (except in Punjab and Bengal), based on population.
   4. Creation of new provinces on a linguistic basis.
   5. 19 Fundamental Rights, including voting rights, freedom from arbitrary arrest, and freedom of conscience.
4. Demand for Poorna Swaraj (Complete Freedom) — When the British Government gave no positive response to the Nehru Report, then the Congress, under the presidentship of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1929 (at Lahore Session), passed a resolution declaring Poorna Swaraj (Complete Freedom) as the ultimate objective of the Congress.

On 12th March, Mahatma Gandhi began the historic march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a village on the Gujarat sea coast to break the Salt law. This Dandi March marked the beginning of this movement.

(iii) The Gandi-Irwin Pact was signed by Gandhiji and Lord Irwin, the then Viceroy, in March 1931. Four clauses of this Pact are:

1. The government agreed to release all political prisoners, except those guilty of violence.
2. The government agreed to permit the free collection or manufacture of salt by persons near the seacoast.
3. The Congress areed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement.
4. The Congress areed to participate in the second session of the Round Table Conference.

(i) Japan was responsible for the ariel attacks on the Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Two consequences associated with this incident are:

1. The USA joined the war to halt Japanese advance. They wanted to liberate the islands in the South West Pacific.
2. The USA dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 to make Japan surrender. This caused mass destruction of life and property in Japan.

(ii) Appeasement meant accepting the hostile demands of an aggressive nation to gain peace.

1. Britain and France followed the policy of appeasement towards dictatorial countries like Germany and Italy because they felt that the dictators had a real cause of grievance due to the humiliating terms of the Treaty of Versailles and if their grievances were removed they would not disturb world peace.
2. Further, they wanted to check the rising tide of Communism and Russian Bolshevism.
3. Britain and France feared that Germany would divert towards Russian Bolshevism.
4. They, therefore, allowed Germany to rearm and to re-militarise the Rhineland and capture Austria and Czechoslovakia.
5. So without the Western countries' policy of appeasement, Fascism or Nazism could not have survived so long and would not have been able to unleash the Second World War.

(iii) The unfair Treaty of Versailles led to the rise of dictatorship in Germany. Four clauses of the Treaty of Versailles are:

1. Germany was declared guilty of aggression and had to pay war reparation of 33 billion dollars.
2. The Saar coal mines were given to France for 15 years and the area was to be governed by the League of Nations.
3. The area of the Rhine valley was demilitarized and the German territory west of Rhine was to be occupied by the Allied troops for 15 years.
4. The German Army was restricted to a force of 1,00,000 soldiers and the Navy was limited to 15,000 men and 24 ships. The Air Force and submarines were banned.

(i) The Security Council consists of 15 members.

1. It has five permanent members —
   1. China
   2. France
   3. Russia
   4. Britain
   5. The United States of America
2. The regional representation of the ten non-permanent members is:
   • Afro-Asian countries — 5
   • Latin American countries — 2
   • West European and other countries — 2
   • East European countries — 1.
3. The ten non-permanent members are elected by the General Assembly by a two-third majority for a term of two years.
4. A retiring member is not eligible for immediate re-election.
5. The Presidency of the Council rotates monthly, according to the English alphabetical listing of its member States.

(ii) Three functions of the International Court of Justice are:

1. The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations.
2. The Court settles, in accordance with international law, the legal disputes submitted to it by the States.
3. It gives advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by duly authorised international organs and agencies.

(iii) Four functions of WHO are as follows:

1. It helps countries to improve their health system by building up infrastructure especially manpower, institutions and services for the individual and community.
2. It gives important drugs needed for medical care. The WHO launched a programme to immunise children against six major diseases - Measles, Diphtheria, Tetanus, Tuberculosis, Polio and Whooping Cough.
3. It promotes research to cure and prevent diseases. For example, it arranged for the investigation of cancer and heart diseases in laboratories in many countries to identify disease-causing organisms, to improve vaccines and to train research workers.
4. It works towards providing safe drinking water and adequate waste disposal. The decade 1981-1990 was declared as the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade.

It is issued when the Parliament is not functioning.

Reason — As mentioned in the given excerpt, The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi Ordinance, 2023 was promulgated by the President of India as the Parliament was in the recess period.

Z

Reason — To become the President of India, one must be a citizen of India, must have completed 35 years of age, and should not hold an office of profit under the government. Thus, Person Z fulfills the eligibility criteria to become the President of India.

The Parliament

Reason — The Central Government took an important political and constitutional step on August 5, 2019 by abrogating Article 370 and bifurcating Jammu and Kashmir into two separate Union Territories (UTs), i.e., Jammu and Kashmir with a Legislative Assembly and Ladakh without a Legislative Assembly.

Works on the spirit of compromise

Reason — Lok Adalat works on the spirit of compromise as shown in the given case. The counselling parties agreed to put aside their differences and came to a mutual agreement.

Civil

Reason — When a judge decides civil cases, he is called the District judge, and when he decides criminal cases, he is called the Sessions judge.

Identify the exclusive powers of the Rajya Sabha

P: Can introduce a new All India Service
Q: Can impeach the President
R: Can never be dissolved as a whole
S: Can introduce a Money Bill

1. P and Q
2. R and S
3. P and R
4. Q and S

P and R

Reason — The Rajya Sabha has the exclusive power to declare the creation of new All India Services in accordance with national interest. Also, it is a permanent house and cannot be dissolved as each member is elected for a period of six years, which means that one-third of the total members retire after every two years.

(R) is the reason for (A).

Explanation — Since the Second Round Table Conference was a failure and the British government refused to concede the immediate grant of dominion status, Gandhiji returned to India disappointed. Paired up with the fact that Viceroy Willingham refused an interview demand put up by Gandhiji during the Great Depression of 1930s, the Civil Disobedience Movement was renewed by Mahatma Gandhi.

The Judges

Reason — Ilbert Bill (1883) provided for the trial of British or European persons by Indians. By this Act, the British tried to introduce equality between British and Indian judges in India.

Follow the method of boycott

Reason — The Early Nationalists believed in moderate politics. They believed in the British government and relied on constitutional and peaceful methods to achieve their aims. They believed in patience and reconciliation rather than in violence and confrontation. So, Anand is unlikely to follow the assertive method of boycott.

holding pro-democracy rallies

Reason — The given picture shows Hitler. He opposed democracy and suppressed opposition, banning free speech, and eliminating democratic institutions. Therefore, holding pro-democracy rallies is not aligned with his ideologies.

To promote cultural and socio-economic cooperation among Muslims

Reason — To promote cultural and socio-economic cooperation among Muslims is not an objective for the formation of the Muslim League.

Jyotiba Phule

Reason — Jyotiba Phule worked for the upliftment of women. In 1848, Jyotiba Phule along with his wife, Savitribai Phule started one of the first girls school in Pune. Over the years, he opened more schools for girls.

Subash Chandra Bose

Reason — Subash Chandra Bose laid the formation of a new party within the Congress, called the Forward Bloc on May 3, 1939. He also coined the slogan, 'Delhi Chalo'.

Japan

Reason — VETO power is enjoyed by the permanent members of the UN. Since, Japan is not the permanent member of the UN, it does not enjoy VETO power.

Hiroshima, Nagasaki

Reason — During World War II, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima (on August 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (on August 9, 1945). These two bombings were the most significant American military actions in terms of civilian impact and destruction, ultimately leading to Japan’s surrender and the end of World War II.

A country maintains relations with both factions during the Cold War and does not take sides.

Reason — Non-alignment is the international policy of a sovereign state according to which it does not align itself with any of the power blocs and at the same time actively participates in the world affairs to promote international peace, harmony and cooperation.

The Speaker of the Lok Sabha has the right to allow or disallow an Adjournment motion.

An Adjournment Motion means a proposal to lay aside all other business and take up a 'definite matter of urgent importance'. Such a motion leads to the interruption of normal business of the House.

(a) Approval of bills — Legislative power.

(b) Appointment of the Supreme Court judges — Executive power.

The economic exploitation at the hands of the British made my life very difficult as an artisan in the year 1856. Some of the difficulties I faced were:

1. British rule had a damaging effect on Indian handicrafts. Heavy duties were imposed on goods exported into England from India. On the other hand, the cheaper machine-made products were imported from Britain almost duty free. This forced me into unemployment.
2. Due to British economic policies, India became a source of raw material for the British industries and a market for its finished products. This destroyed the business of Artisans like me.

Two reasons for the acceptance of the Mountbatten Plan were:

1. Large scale communal riots engulfed the whole country. The only solution to the communal problem was the Partition of India.
2. The only alternative to Partition was a Federation with a weak centre. A smaller India with a strong central authority was better than a bigger state with a weak centre.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai.

Two objectives of the League of Nations were:

1. All States were to refer their mutual disputes, if any, to the League of Nations for a peaceful settlement.
2. The member-States were to take necessary action as directed by the League against any state which tried to disturb world peace and order.

Before the beginning of the First World War, two major alliances formed in Europe were:

1. Triple Alliance which included Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
2. Triple Entente which included France, Russia, and the United Kingdom.

(i) The Lok Sabha has special powers which make it more powerful than the Rajya Sabha. These special powers are:

1. Motions of No-confidence against the government can only be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha. If passed by a majority vote, the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers resign collectively. The Rajya Sabha has no power over such a motion, and hence no real power over the executive.
2. Money bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha, and upon being passed, are sent to the Rajya Sabha, where it can be deliberated on for up to 14 days.
3. In case of a deadlock between the two Houses over a non-financial (ordinary) bill, the will of the Lok Sabha normally prevails, as its strength is more than double that of the Rajya Sabha.

(ii) The Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who is the Vice President of India, has the authority to adjourn a Rajya Sabha session.

Composition of the Rajya Sabha — The maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha can be 250 members, out of which-

1. 12 members are nominated by the President from among persons having special knowledge or practical experience in matters such as literature, science, art and social service.
2. 238 members are elected by the States in the Union. Seats are allocated to the States and the Union Territories on the basis of their population.

(iii) Four legislative powers of the Union Parliament are-

1. Matters in the Union List — The Parliament has exclusive powers to make laws on all the subjects mentioned in the Union List, including important subjects like Defence, Banking, Communications, Foreign Affairs, etc.
2. Matters in the Concurrent List — Parliament and State Legislative Assemblies can both make laws on Concurrent List subjects like education, forests, succession, etc. In case of a conflict, the Union law overrides the State law.
3. Residuary Powers — Parliament can make laws on subjects not listed in the Union, State, or Concurrent Lists.
4. Powers during Emergency — When a State faces a breakdown of Constitutional machinery, Parliament takes over its legislative and financial powers, including passing the State budget.

(i) Three legislative powers of the President which justifies his/her nominal position are:

1. Dissolve the Lok Sabha: He/She can dissolve the Lok Sabha and order fresh elections.

2. Assent to Bills: Once a Bill is passed by both the Houses, it is sent to the President for his/her approval. The President may give his/her assent, or withhold the Bill or send it back to the House concerned with recommendations. If the same bill is passed again, the President has to give his/her assent.

3. Promulgate Ordinances: The President can promulgate an Ordinance, which has the same status as an Act of Parliament when:

   1. Certain circumstances need immediate action.
   2. Both Houses of Parliament are not in session.
   3. All Ordinances must be put up before both the Houses for their approval. Ordinances cease to operate after six weeks from the re-assembly of Parliament, unless they are approved by the Houses.
   4. The Ordinance lapses if it is replaced by an Act of Parliament.

(ii) Three financial powers of the President are:

1. Money Bills can be introduced only on the recommendation of the President.

2. The President can authorise withdrawal of advances from the Contingency Fund of India to meet unforeseen expenditure. Such expenditure should be subsequently approved by Parliament.

3. Every five years, the President appoints a Finance Commission comprising a Chairman and four other members to give recommendations on financial matters.

(iii) PROCEDURE FOR IMPEACHMENT OF THE PRESIDENT

1. In case of violation of the Constitution or grave misconduct, either House may frame charges against the President as follows:

   1. Resolution which is moved after at least fourteen days' notice in writing signed by not less than one-fourth of the total number of members of the House; and
   2. The resolution is passed by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the total membership of the House.

2. The other House investigates the charges and the President has the right to appear and to be represented at such an investigation.

3. If the President is found guilty, a resolution is passed by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the total membership of the investigating House, and the President is removed from his/her office.

(i) The President of India appoints the judges of the Supreme Court.
Two qualifications required for a person to be appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court are:

1. He/she should be a citizen of India.
2. He/she has been for at least five years a Judge of a High Court or of two or more such courts in succession.

(ii) Under Article 129, the Supreme Court is called a Court of Record. This can be justified in the following ways—

1. Permanent Records of Judgments – The Supreme Court maintains records of its decisions and proceedings. These serve as legal references for future cases and cannot be questioned in any court.
2. Power to Punish for Contempt – As a Court of Record, the Supreme Court has the authority to punish individuals for contempt of court if they disobey its orders or show disrespect.
3. Precedent Value – The decisions of the Supreme Court act as precedents. Lower courts are bound to follow its judgments, helping maintain uniformity in the application of law.

(iii)
(a) Revisory Jurisdiction — The Supreme Court has the power to review its own judgments to correct any mistakes, as its decisions are treated as laws.

(b) Advisory Jurisdiction — The Supreme Court can give its opinion on any question of law or fact of public importance as may be referred to it for consideration by the President. This advice is not binding on the Government and cannot be enforced like a judgment.

(i) The British tried to expand their political power in India by many ways, such as:

1. By outright wars
2. By the system of Subsidiary Alliance
3. By adopting the Doctrine of Lapse.

(ii) The uprising of 1857 ended the Mughal and Peshwa rule in India. The Mughal dynasty came to an end with the death of Bahadur Shah II and Nana Saheb, the last Peshwa, fled to Nepal after the failure of the uprising.

(iii) The India army was reorganised after 1858, to prevent the reoccurrence of another uprising, in the following manner:

1. The strength of European troops in India was increased. The ratio of European to Indian troops was fixed at 1:2 (Bengal army) and 2:5 (Madras and Bombay armies). Practically the same ratio was maintained till the First World War. The general principle adopted was that the number of Indian sepoys should not exceed twice that of the European troops.
2. European troops were kept in key geographical and military positions.
3. To desist the Indian soldiers from rising again against the British rule, the sophisticated weapons and ammunition were never placed under the charge of Indians. All Indian artillery units, with the exceptions of a few mountain units, were disbanded.
4. Newspapers, journals and nationalist publications were prevented from reaching the soldiers to keep the Indian army separated from the life of the rest of the population.

(i) The first President of the Indian National Congress was W.C. Bonnerjee. Two objectives of the Indian National Congress are given below:

1. To promote friendly relations between nationalist political workers from different parts of the country.
2. To formulate popular demands and present them before the government.

(ii) The press played an important role in the growth of Indian Nationalism in the following ways:

1. The press helped spread the ideals of patriotism, modern liberal ideas of liberty, freedom, and equality.
2. The Press criticised the British policies, and made the Indians aware of the happenings in the world.
3. The Press helped Indians exchange views, and played an important role in the Indian freedom struggle.

(iii) Four repressive policies enforced by Lord Lytton that led to the rise of nationalism were:

1. Vernacular Press Act (1878) – This Act banned Indian-language newspapers from publishing anti-British content, curbing freedom of expression. English newspapers were exempt.
2. Indian Arms Act (1878) – Indians were prohibited from possessing arms without a licence, while Europeans faced no such restriction, highlighting racial discrimination.
3. ICS Age Limit Reduction – The maximum age limit for the Indian Civil Service exam was reduced from 21 to 19. Since the exam was held in London, this move made it harder for Indians to qualify.
4. Removal of Cotton Import Duties – Import duties on British cotton textiles were abolished, harming India's textile industry and causing economic distress among Indian weavers.

(i) The march being discussed in the given excerpt is known as the Dandi March. This march led to the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930.

(ii) The Civil Disobedience Movement made a considerable impact on the social and political surroundings of the country, in the following ways:

1. It widened the base of freedom struggle by mobilising various social groups like merchants, peasants, tribals, and workers across the country.
2. It inspired the youth to follow Gandhi's path of non-violence in the freedom struggle instead of using violence as a political weapon.
3. It marked greater participation of women in politics, inspiring many to step out and join the freedom struggle.

(iii) Four clauses of Gandhi Irwin Pact were:

1. The government agreed to release all political prisoners, except those guilty of violence.
2. The government agreed to permit the free collection or manufacture of salt by persons near the sea coast.
3. The Congress agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement.
4. The Congress agreed to participate in the second session of the Round Table Conference.

(i) The incident depicted in the cartoon is known as the Sarjevo Crisis, which was the immediate cause of the World War I.
Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated on June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo by members of the Serbian secret society 'Union of Death'. Austria sent an ultimatum with 11 demands to Serbia; Serbia accepted most but rejected those affecting its sovereignty. Austria declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914, marking the start of the First World War.

(ii) The World War I gave a serious blow to the autocratic monarchial system and led to the development of democracy in Europe.

1. Austria and Hungary became separate independent States. Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia emerged as independent States.

2. European supremacy came to an end. The United States surpassed Europe economically and militarily. Ruling dynasties of Europe were destroyed, the Hohenzollern in Germany and the Hapsburg in Austria-Hungary.

3. The political instability and economic crisis in post-war Europe led to the rise of dictatorships in countries like Germany and Italy, where people turned to totalitarian rule for stability and national revival.

(iii) The Treaty of Versailles was signed to prevent Germany from going to war again. So, its terms were extremely harsh and humiliating towards Germany.

1. Germany was declared guilty of aggression and had to pay war reparation of 33 billion dollars.
2. The Saar coal mines were given to France for 15 years and the area was to be governed by the League of Nations.
3. The area of the Rhine valley was demilitarized and the German territory west of Rhine was to be occupied by the Allied troops for 15 years.
4. The German Army was restricted to a force of 1,00,000 soldiers and the Navy was limited to 15,000 men and 24 ships. The Air Force and submarines were banned.

(i) Composition of the International Court of Justice —

1. The Court is composed of 15 judges, each of different nationality elected to nine-year terms of office by the United Nations General Assembly and Security Council sitting independently of each other. Elections are held every three years for one-third of the seats, and retiring judges may be re-elected.

2. The Members of the Court do not represent their governments but are independent magistrates. The judges must possess the qualifications required in their respective countries for appointment to the highest judicial offices, or be jurists of recognised competence in international law. The composition of the Court has also to reflect the main forms of civilisation and the principal legal systems of the world.

3. The Court elects its President and Vice-President for a three-year term. They may, when their term expires, be re-elected. The Court has the power to appoint its Registrar.

(ii) Three functions of the General Assembly are:

1. To consider and make recommendations on the principles of cooperation, in the maintenance of international peace and security.
2. To consider and approve the budget of the United Nations and to apportion the contributions among members.
3. To elect the non-permanent members of the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council and the Trusteeship Council, and to elect the judges of the International Court of Justice.

(iii) The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is the agency authorized to designate intangible cultural heritage tag.
Three contributions of UNESCO in the preservation of culture are:

1. UNESCO provides technical advice and assistance, equipment and funds for the preservation of monuments and other works of art. It has prepared a World Heritage List to identify the monuments and sites which are to be protected.
2. It aims to protect the world inheritance of books, works of art and rare manuscripts.
3. It gives encouragement to artistic creations in literature and fine arts.

Parliament

Reason — The Parliament decides the salaries and allowances of its members and other dignitaries such as the ministers.

Sessions Court

Reason — The Court of District Judge is the highest Civil Court of the district, whereas Sessions Court is the highest Criminal Court of the district.

It works on the spirit of compromise

Reason — Lok Adalat works on the spirit of compromise as shown the given case, the counselling parties agreed to put aside their differences and came to a mutual agreement.