ICSE Class 10 Robotics & AI — 2025 Specimen

Warehouse

Reason — The robot shown is used for tasks such as storing, picking, sorting, and transporting goods, which are operations carried out in warehouses.

Weather forecast

Reason — Weather forecasting is based on probability, as it predicts future weather conditions using data, patterns, and likelihood rather than giving exact or fixed results.

Cobots work collaboratively with humans

Reason — Cobots (collaborative robots) are designed to work together with humans by assisting them in tasks while ensuring safety, cooperation, and shared control, rather than replacing human presence.

True

Reason — Tinkercad is used to visualise, design, and simulate robotic components and their motion, including simple robotic systems such as wheeled mobile robots.

Controller

Reason — The controller is responsible for making decisions based on sensor data, as it receives input through feedback, processes the information, and sends control signals to operate the robot accordingly.

To convert electrical signals into physical movement

Reason — Actuators are devices such as motors and hydraulic systems that receive electrical signals and convert them into mechanical motion, enabling the robot to move and perform actions.

#

Reason — In Python, the hash symbol (#) is used to write a single-line comment, which is ignored by the Python interpreter during program execution.

Vision Sensor

Reason — A camera is used to capture images and visual information from the surroundings, which helps a robot see and interpret its environment, therefore, it is classified as a vision sensor.

a*b

Reason — In Python, the symbol * is the multiplication operator used to multiply two variables, so a*b correctly represents the product of a and b.

Single-board computers are used to control the operations of a robotic system.

Reason — Single-board computers act as the controller of a robotic system. They process sensor data and control the functioning and operations of the robot, including movement and decision-making.

To provide examples for machine learning and predictions.

Reason — In machine learning, data is used to train and test models by providing examples from which machines learn patterns and make predictions, rather than following fixed, pre-defined instructions.

Actuator

Reason — A motor converts electrical signals into mechanical movement, helping the robot move or perform actions, therefore, it functions as an actuator.

It evaluates a machine's intelligence.

Reason — The Turing Test checks whether a machine can exhibit human-like behaviour, that is, whether its responses are indistinguishable from those of a human during interaction.

To protect data from unauthorised access

Reason — The primary goal of cybersecurity is to protect data and systems from unauthorised access, misuse, and threats, ensuring the safety and security of information.

Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

Reason — The Turing Test is used to evaluate a machine’s intelligence by checking whether it can exhibit human-like behaviour that is indistinguishable from a human during interaction.

Who, What, Where, Why

Reason — The 4 Ws Problem Canvas is used in AI project scoping to understand a problem by identifying Who is affected, What the problem is, Where it occurs, and Why it needs to be solved.

Pie chart

Reason — A pie chart represents data as slices of a circle, where each slice shows the proportion of a category relative to the whole.

"ello"

Reason — In Python, string slicing returns characters from the starting index up to the ending index minus one. Therefore, string[1:5] extracts the characters at index positions 1, 2, 3, and 4, which are e, l, l, and o, and hence the output is "ello".

Integrated Development and Learning Environment.

Reason — IDLE stands for Integrated Development and Learning Environment and is used as a programming environment in Python to write, execute, and debug programs in interactive and script modes.

Access elements

Reason — Both lists and tuples allow accessing their elements using index values, whereas operations like appending, inserting, or deleting elements are not permitted in tuples because they are immutable.

The features of smart home robotic systems are as follows:

1. Automated control of lighting.
2. Automated control of temperature.
3. Automated control of home appliances.
4. Security monitoring.
5. Energy efficiency management.
6. Remote access and control using smart devices.

Two benefits of using cobots in manufacturing are increased productivity and enhanced worker safety. Cobots handle repetitive and physically demanding tasks efficiently, which reduces human fatigue and allows workers to focus on complex and decision-making activities, while their built-in safety features ensure safe human-robot collaboration.

Gears play an important role in robotic systems by transmitting motion and power from one component to another. They help in changing the speed, torque, and direction of motion, allowing the robot to move smoothly and perform tasks efficiently.

The difference between data and information is as follows:

The steps involved in machine learning are:

1. Problem definition
2. Data collection
3. Data preprocessing
4. Model selection
5. Training the model
6. Evaluation and validation
7. Deployment and monitoring

The Turing Test is a test used to determine whether a machine can exhibit intelligent behaviour similar to that of a human. It plays an important role in artificial intelligence by evaluating a machine’s intelligence based on its ability to produce responses that are indistinguishable from those of a human during interaction.

Problem scoping in the context of an AI project refers to the process of understanding and defining the problem, identifying the factors influencing it, and setting clear goals for the project. It involves analysing the problem using the 4 Ws (Who, What, Where, Why) to clearly outline what needs to be solved before building an AI solution.

The number is 40

In Python, negative indexing is used to access elements from the end of a list. The index -1 refers to the last element, and -2 refers to the second last element. In the list [10, 20, 30, 40, 50], the second last element is 40, so it is printed.

3

In a NumPy array, indexing starts from 0. Therefore, arr[2] accesses the element at index position 2, which is 3.

Programming

In Python, if the ending index is not mentioned in string slicing, the slice returns characters from the starting index up to the end of the string. Here, text[7:] starts from index 7 and returns all characters till the end, resulting in Programming.

Assistant robots in healthcare improve patient care by performing routine tasks and supporting patients, which allows healthcare professionals to focus on more critical medical duties and improves overall efficiency.

Examples:

1. Medication delivery: Robots deliver medicines to patients, ensuring timely administration and reducing the workload of nursing staff.

2. Patient monitoring: Robots equipped with sensors continuously monitor patients vital signs and alert medical staff if any abnormalities are detected.

Subjective decision making by humans depends on personal judgement, emotions, intuition, and past experiences, so it can vary between individuals.

Objective decision making by machines relies on data and algorithms, producing consistent and repeatable results for the same input and does not involve emotions.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
categories = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E']
values = [5, 7, 3, 8, 6]
plt.bar(categories, values)
plt.xlabel('Categories')
plt.ylabel('Values')
plt.title('Category-wise Performance Analysis')
plt.show()

Output

Differences between traditional industrial robots and cobots:

• Traditional industrial robots operate in isolated environments and are mainly used for repetitive, high-speed tasks. They require safety barriers to prevent human interaction during operation. They can perform heavy-duty tasks at fenced-off areas.

• Cobots (collaborative robots) are designed to work alongside humans without safety barriers. They are equipped with sensors and safety features that allow safe human-robot interaction and do not require strict isolation. They are lightweight, flexible and easy to reprogram.

Cobots are more suitable for collaborative tasks because they are designed to work alongside humans safely, assisting them in tasks where human involvement and supervision are required. They focus on cooperation, involvement, and safety, making them ideal for environments where humans and robots share the workspace.

The steps involved in a machine learning project using the example of fruit sorting are:

1. Data collection: Collect images of different fruits such as apples, bananas, and oranges.
2. Data preparation: Label the images and preprocess them to make the data suitable for analysis.
3. Feature extraction: Identify features such as colour, shape, and size of fruits.
4. Model training: Train a machine learning model using the prepared and labelled data so that it can learn patterns.
5. Model testing: Test the trained model using new fruit images to check its accuracy.
6. Deployment: Use the trained model in a real-time system to automatically sort fruits based on their features.

def isPrime(n):
    if n <= 1:
        return False
    for i in range(2, n):
        if n % i == 0:
            return False
    return True

Sensors act as the "sense organs" of a robot. They detect changes in the robot’s surroundings or inside the robot (like distance, light, sound, temperature, pressure, position, etc.) and convert this information into electrical signals. The robot’s controller uses these signals to make decisions and control actions, such as navigation, obstacle avoidance, safety, and accurate movement.

Three ethical issues related to cybersecurity are:

1. Unauthorised access to computer systems
2. Theft of software and intellectual property
3. Data privacy violation

days = int(input("Enter number of days late: "))
if days <= 10:
    fine = days * 1
elif days <= 20:
    fine = 10 * 1 + (days - 10) * 2.5
else:
    fine = 10 * 1 + 10 * 2.5 + (days - 20) * 5
print("Fine to be paid:", fine)

Enter number of days late: 25
Fine to be paid: 60.0

Use of Tinkercad in designing robotic components:

Tinkercad is an online tool used to visualise, design, and create robotic components. It provides a 3D design environment where components such as joints, gears, and mechanisms can be designed and assembled. Tinkercad also allows users to simulate robotic systems, helping in better understanding of how different components work together.

Advantages of visualising motion using Tinkercad:

• Helps in understanding the movement and interaction of robotic components
• Allows error detection and correction before actual construction
• Makes learning interactive and cost-effective
• Enables safe testing and debugging of designs
• Helps students visualise motion before building the real robot

Hacking is the act of gaining unauthorised access to computer systems or networks. Through hacking, attackers can steal sensitive information such as personal data, passwords, bank details, and confidential files, leading to data theft and misuse of information.

Measures to prevent hacking and data theft:

• Using strong and unique passwords
• Implementing multi-factor authentication
• Regularly updating software and operating systems
• Using encryption to protect data
• Installing and updating antivirus and security software
• Avoiding suspicious links and untrusted websites

numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
numbers.append(60)
numbers.insert(2, 25)
numbers.sort()
index_30 = numbers.index(30)
print("Index of 30:", index_30)
print("Final list:", numbers)

Index of 30: 3
Final list: [10, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60]

Integrating sensors, controllers and actuators is essential for the proper functioning of a robotic system, as it ensures accurate response to real-time conditions.

• Sensors detect environmental or internal conditions (e.g., distance, temperature, speed) and send this information to the robot.
• The controller acts as the brain; it processes the sensor data and decides the required action using programmed instructions.
• Actuators act as the muscles; they convert the controller’s electrical signals into mechanical movement such as moving a wheel/arm or gripping an object.

Thus, this integration enables the robot to interact precisely with its environment, adapt to changes, and operate efficiently and autonomously.

Defining the problem statement is important because it sets the direction for the entire AI project. It helps in clearly understanding the problem to be solved, identifying the objectives, and defining the goals of the project.

A well-defined problem statement impacts the project’s success by keeping the project focused and relevant. It ensures that the AI solution is developed to solve the right problem effectively, thereby increasing the chances of successful project implementation.

numbers_tuple = (5, 10, 15, 20, 25)
element = numbers_tuple[2]
print("Element at index 2:", element)
numbers_list = list(numbers_tuple)
numbers_list.append(30)
final_tuple = tuple(numbers_list)
print("Final tuple:", final_tuple)

Element at index 2: 15
Final tuple: (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30)

Process of building a simple wheeled mobile robot:

1. Design the frame (chassis) – Construct a sturdy base to hold all the components of the robot.

2. Install wheels and motors – Attach wheels to the chassis and connect them to DC motors for movement.

3. Integrate sensors – Add sensors to help the robot detect obstacles and navigate its surroundings.

4. Add the controller – Install a microcontroller to process sensor data and control the motors.

5. Provide power supply – Connect a battery to supply power to the controller, motors, and sensors.

6. Program the robot – Write and upload the program to define how the robot should move and respond to inputs.

Key components involved:

• Frame or chassis
• Wheels and DC motors
• Sensors (e.g., ultrasonic sensor)
• Controller (microcontroller)
• Battery / power supply
• Connecting wires and hardware tools

1. Bar graph – Represents categorical data using rectangular bars, where the height of each bar shows the value or frequency of a category.

2. Line graph – Shows trends or changes over time by connecting data points with a continuous line.

3. Pie chart – Represents data as slices of a circular pie, where each slice shows the proportion of a category in the whole dataset.

original_string = "Artificial Intelligence"

uppercase_string = original_string.upper()
print("Uppercase string:", uppercase_string)

position = original_string.find("Intelligence")
print("Position of 'Intelligence':", position)

new_string = original_string.replace("Artificial", "Machine")
print("New string:", new_string)

starts_with_machine = new_string.startswith("Machine")
print("Starts with 'Machine':", starts_with_machine)

count_i = original_string.count('i')
print("Number of occurrences of 'i':", count_i)

Uppercase string: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Position of 'Intelligence': 11
New string: Machine Intelligence
Starts with 'Machine': True
Number of occurrences of 'i': 4